Cited by 568Stress Responses and CortisolSalivary Gland Disorders and FunctionsHeart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control

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Effect of psychological stress on the salivary cortisol and amylase levels in healthy young adults

Takai, Noriyasu, Yamaguchi, Masaki, Aragaki, Toshiaki, Eto, Kenji, Uchihashi, Kenji, Nishikawa, Yasuo·2004·Archives of Oral Biology

DOI 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2004.06.007

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Abstract

Objective Saliva sampling has the advantage that it is non-invasive, making multiple sampling easy and stress free. We examined the effects of psychological stressor and soother on the salivary cortisol and amylase levels in young adults, and compared the characteristics of these parameters.Design The subjects completed the trait version of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) to assess the predisposition to personal anxiety. The video of corneal transplant surgery was served as the stressor for 15 min. A scenic beauty video viewing was also used as the soother. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected every 3 min throughout the session.Results The amylase level was significantly increased just after the beginning of the stressful video viewing, and immediately returned to the pre-stress level just after the end of the video viewing. The cortisol level was also increased, but to a lesser extent compared with that of amylase. The latency time to the peak level for cortisol was longer than that of amylase. The carry-over effect was not observed in the amylase response but was in cortisol. Although the correlation between the amylase level and the STAI score was highly significant, cortisol level did not. In addition, soothing video viewing significantly decreased the amylase level, but did not affect the cortisol level.Conclusion Salivary amylase level was more significantly increased and reacted more rapidly than cortisol by psychological stressor, suggesting that it is a better index of stress. Furthermore, it is suggested that the enzyme is a soothing or relaxation index.

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Method
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“1 Following baseline measurement, all participants were exposed to a presumptively stress-inducing video similar to that utilized in prior research (Bosch et al., 2001; Takai et al., 2004).”
Immediate Effects of Dry Needling on the Autonomic Nervous System and Mechanical Hyperalgesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Lázaro-Navas, I., Lorenzo-Sánchez-Aguilera, C., Pecos-Martín, D., Jiménez-Rejano, J., Navarro-Santana, M., Fernández-Carnero, J., & Gallego-Izquierdo, T. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18116018 · Cited by 24
“The saliva samples were collected before the intervention and three minutes after it ended [24] (Figure 3).”
Background
Physiological and self-assessed psychological stress induced by a high fidelity simulation course among third year anesthesia and critical care residents: An observational study
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Relationship Between Lifestyle Scores and Salivary Stress Markers Cortisol and Chromogranin A
Toda, M., Den, R., Nagasawa, S., Kitamura, K., & Morimoto, K. (2005) · Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health · doi:10.3200/aeoh.60.5.266-269 · Cited by 25
Salivary alpha‐amylase changes promoted by sustained exposure to affective pictures
Sánchez‐Navarro, J. P., Maldonado, E., Martínez‐Selva, J. M., Engüix, A., & Ortiz, C. (2012) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01475.x · Cited by 24
“…subjects exposed to aversive emotional stimuli, such as unpleasant videos depicting surgical operations or child maltreatment (Bosch et al., 2003; Takai et al., 2004; Tu, Lupien, & Walker, 2006), as well as affective pictures (Segal & Cahill, 2009; van Stegeren et al., 2006; Weymar et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Assessment of salivary amylase as a stress biomarker in pregnant patients
Guglielminotti, J. R., Dehoux, M., Mentré, F., Bedairia, E., Montravers, P., Desmonts, J.-M., & Longrois, D. (2011) · International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.ijoa.2011.09.008 · Cited by 24
Association of BDNF Val66Met polymorphism with HPA and SAM axis reactivity to psychological and physical stress
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“Past research has demonstrated the secretion of sAA as a response to a psychosocial stress, using the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), and sAA secretion is also seen in individuals who underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging examination after viewing pictures associated with negative feelings,(7) and in indivi…”
The association between affective psychopathic traits, time incarcerated, and cortisol response to psychosocial stress
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“Participants were told to abstain from excessive exercise, eating, and consuming caffeinated beverages 1 h prior to the first session, as these activities can impact cortisol production (Takai et al., 2004).”
Background
Acute effects of traditional Thai massage on cortisol levels, arterial blood pressure and stress perception in academic stress condition: A single blind randomised controlled trial
Bennett, S., Bennett, M. J., Chatchawan, U., Jenjaiwit, P., Pantumethakul, R., Kunhasura, S., & Eungpinichpong, W. (2015) · Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2015.10.005 · Cited by 25
Patterns of cortisol and alpha-amylase reactivity to psychosocial stress in maltreated women
Mielock, A. S., Morris, M. C., & Rao, U. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.11.009 · Cited by 28
“Alpha-amylase release is influenced by SAM activity (Proctor and Carpenter, 2007) and typically increases following stress exposure (Takai et al., 2004).”
Background
Stress Inoculation: Preparing Outside the Box in Surgical Resuscitation and Education
LaPorta, A. J., McKee, J. L., Hoang, T. A., van der Horst, A. Y., McBeth, P. B., Gillman, L. M., & Kirkpatrick, A. W. (2017) · Current Trauma Reports · doi:10.1007/s40719-017-0090-2 · Cited by 25
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“Saliva and other mucosal secretions are primarily defended against pathogens by secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), the most abundant antibody in the body [51].”
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“Moreover, salivary α -amylase activity has been reported to be a more sensitive marker of psychologic stress 17 and exercise-induced stress than cortisol.”
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Cozma, S., Ghiciuc, C., Damian, L., Pasquali, V., Saponaro, A., Lupușoru, E., Patacchioli, F., & Dima-Cozma, L. C. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0193963 · Cited by 21
“No correlation between α-Amy and cortisol responses and various stress paradigms have been reported [37, 39].”
Background
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Psychological stress-relieving effects of chewing — Relationship between masticatory function-related factors and stress-relieving effects —
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Symptoms of prenatal depression are associated with raised salivary alpha-amylase levels
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Measurement of Stress
Figueroa-Fankhanel, F. (2014) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2014.08.001 · Cited by 24
Stress relief to augment fertility: the pressure mounts
Catherino, W. H. (2011) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.05.067 · Cited by 21
Effects of Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Obesity on Salivary Secretory IgA and Alpha-Amylase in South African Children
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“High levels of sAA have been shown to signify psychological stress in young adults, whereas a decrease in sAA is considered to be an indicator of stress reduction [47].”
Background
Impact of Cognitive Tasks on CO2 and Isoprene Emissions from Humans
Gall, E. T., Mishra, A. K., Li, J., Schiavon, S., & Laguerre, A. (2020) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c03850 · Cited by 22
Psychological and Physiological Effects in Humans Induced by the Visual and Olfactory Stimulations of an Interior Environment Made of Hiba (Thujopsis dolabrata) Wood
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Influence of chewing time on salivary stress markers
Tasaka, A., Takeuchi, K., Sasaki, H., Yoshii, T., Soeda, R., Ueda, T., & Sakurai, K. (2014) · Journal of Prosthodontic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpor.2013.10.005 · Cited by 22
Estimation of restraint stress in rats using salivary amylase activity
Matsuura, T., Takimura, R., Yamaguchi, M., & Ichinose, M. (2012) · The Journal of Physiological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s12576-012-0219-6 · Cited by 22
“In the present measurement, 1 g of saliva was regarded as 1 ml of liquid [7].”
Self-citation
Non-verbal Communication Method Based on a Biochemical Marker for People with Severe Motor and Intellectual Disabilities
Yamaguchi, M., Takeda, K., Onishi, M., Deguchi, M., & Higashi, T. (2006) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/147323000603400104 · Cited by 22
Self-citation
Comparison of salivary cortisol, amylase, and chromogranin A diurnal profiles in healthy volunteers
Jantaratnotai, N., Rungnapapaisarn, K., Ratanachamnong, P., & Pachimsawat, P. (2022) · Archives of Oral Biology · doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105516 · Cited by 20
Greater Occipital Nerve Stimulation Boosts Associative Memory in Older Individuals: A Randomized Trial
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“This thought can lead to overall tension in the body, muscle stiffness, increased blood pressure and other physiological consequences connected to increased cortisol and amylase levels [6].”
Background
Flow Injection Spectrophotometric Analysis of Human Salivary α-Amylase Activity Using an Enzyme Degradation of Starch–Iodine Complexes in Flow Channel and Its Application to Human Stress Testing
Ohtomo, T., Igarashi, S., & Takagai, Y. (2013) · Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin · doi:10.1248/bpb.b13-00214 · Cited by 21
Contribution of AmyA, an extracellular α‐glucan degrading enzyme, to group A streptococcal host–pathogen interaction
Shelburne, S. A., Keith, D. B., Davenport, M. T., Beres, S. B., Carroll, R. K., & Musser, J. M. (2009) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06858.x · Cited by 21
“When indicated, purified human salivary a-amylase (Sigma) was added to CDM at physiologic concentration (200 U ml-1) (Soderling et al., 1993; Takai et al., 2004).”
Method
What constitutes effective coping and efficient physiologic regulation following psychosocial stress depends on involuntary stress responses
Bendezú, J. J., Perzow, S. E. D., & Wadsworth, M. E. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.07.005 · Cited by 21
Identifying stress markers in skin gases by analysing gas collected from subjects undergoing the Trier social stress test and performing statistical analysis
Tsukuda, M., Nishiyama, Y., Kawai, S., & Okumura, Y. (2019) · Journal of Breath Research · doi:10.1088/1752-7163/ab0903 · Cited by 20
Stress Salivary Biomarkers Variation during the Work Day in Emergencies in Healthcare Professionals
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“Its activation and recovery is slower than α-amylase [26].”
Background
Longitudinal and immediate effect of Kundalini Yoga on salivary levels of cortisol and activity of alpha-amylase and its effect on perceived stress
García-Sesnich, J., Flores, M., Ríos, M. H., & Aravena, J. (2017) · International Journal of Yoga · doi:10.4103/ijoy.ijoy_45_16 · Cited by 22
“[11,20,25] As for the psychological component, marked alterations in alpha‐amylase levels were detected after applying stressors such as skydiving, academic tests, or stressful videos by different research groups[11,26,27] that could be an explanation for our results because our study finished in period of academic ex…”
Result
Fusion of heart rate variability and salivary cortisol for stress response identification based on adverse childhood experience
Salleh, N. A., Malarvili, M. B., & Phillips, A. C. (2019) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/s11517-019-01958-3 · Cited by 22
Salivary alpha‐amylase activity and stress in Japan air self‐defense force cargo pilots involved in Iraq reconstruction
Iizuka, N., Awano, S., & Ansai, T. (2012) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.22247 · Cited by 17

Authors: Takai, N., Yamaguchi, M., Aragaki, T., Eto, K., Uchihashi, K., & Nishikawa, Y.
Affiliations: Osaka Dental University (JP)
University of Toyama (JP)
Corresponding author: Takai, Noriyasu
ORCID: Yamaguchi, Masaki
Venue: Archives of Oral Biology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2004-12
Volume: 49
Issue: 12
Pages: 963-968
ISSN: 0003-9969 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2004.06.007
OpenAlex: W2108805072
Cited by: 568
References: 35
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 32
FWCI: 3.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Archives of Oral Biology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Salivary Gland Disorders and Functions
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
Keywords: psychological stress, salivary cortisol, salivary amylase, stress biomarkers, trait anxiety, residual effects, relaxation, young adults
MeSH terms: Adult, Amylases, Anxiety, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Psychological Tests, Relaxation, Saliva, Salivary Proteins and Peptides, Stress, Psychological, Time Factors

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Effect of psychological stress on the salivary cortisol and amylase levels in healthy young adults

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