Oxidation events and skin aging

In the citing paper

“Dietary intake of bioactive compounds through foods or dietary supplements has been shown to influence skin hydration, elasticity, barrier function, and overall appearance by modulating antioxidant defense systems, inflammatory pathways, and lipid metabolism in the skin [9,12,13].”

In the citing paper

“Oxidative stress plays an important role in skin aging and skin damage processes, and its main feature is increased intracellular ROS.”

In the citing paper

“The accumulation of ROS causes DNA damage, induces skin inflammatory response, reduces antioxidant enzymes, activates nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) and activator protein1 (AP–1) to inhibit collagen production, and increases matrix metalloproteinases to decompose collagen and binding proteins in the dermis, which eventually leads to skin aging [30,31,32,33].”

In the citing paper

“Additionally, it is well known that oxidative stress is a major source of skin aging, and the mechanisms by which it occurs have been reviewed [2,13,14].”

In the citing paper

“It is thought that up to 80-90% of skin aging is due to the deleterious effects of sunlight or photoaging [2,13].”

In the citing paper

“There are different types of solar radiation: UVR contributes approximately 5%, visible light about 42%, and infrared light around 53% of the content of sunlight [13,23].”

In the citing paper

“UVA (320-400 nm) at a higher wavelength range represents 95-98% of the total UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface can damage the epidermis and penetrates deeper into the dermis to degrade collagen and elastin fibers via oxidative stress mechanisms that in turn activate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and damage mitochondrial structure/function that leads to extrinsic skin photoaging [2,13,14”

In the citing paper

“Thus, most UV-induced oxidative stress is generated by UVA, which is more cytotoxic to human skin compared to UVB; whereas UVB are mostly mutagenic, both are known to stimulate the generation of ROS, [2,13,14,25]”

In the citing paper

“UVB (280-320 nm), while representing only 2-5% of the sun's emissions, penetrates into epidermal cells, can damage DNA and activate a cascade of events leading to the generation of ROS and increased photo-aging [2,13,23,24].”

In the citing paper

“The formation of ROS is a widely accepted pivotal mechanism leading to skin aging (see Figure 6) [2,13,14].”

In the citing paper

“photoaging or extrinsic aging due to exposure to UV light along with assaults from environmental pollutants (such as particles, wind or cold) trigger oxidative stress and the formation of ROS that damages DNA, mitochondrial function, protein, lipids, and results in the declination of antioxidant levels [2,13,14].”

In the citing paper

“The formation of ROS is a natural consequence of oxygen metabolism and ROS have integral physiological roles in cell signalling and oxygen homeostasis [7].”

In the citing paper

“Antioxidants are produced to counteract oxidative stress generated by excess ROS; however, in times of environmental stress, elevated ROS levels can overwhelm endogenous cellular antioxidant mechanisms [7].”

In the citing paper

“UVR forms can be subdivided into three categories according to wavelength; UVA (320-400 nm), UVB (280-320 nm) and UVC (100-280 nm) [7].”