Astaxanthin in Skin Health, Repair, and Disease: A Comprehensive Review

Davinelli, Sergio; Nielsen, Michael E.; Scapagnini, Giovanni

doi:10.3390/nu10040522

Cited by 479Skin Protection and AgingAntioxidant Activity and Oxidative StressSeaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds

Astaxanthin in Skin Health, Repair, and Disease: A Comprehensive Review

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Davinelli, Sergio, Nielsen, Michael E., Scapagnini, Giovanni·2018·Nutrients

DOI 10.3390/nu10040522PMC PMC5946307

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Abstract

Astaxanthin, a xanthophyll carotenoid, is a secondary metabolite naturally synthesized by a number of bacteria, microalgae, and yeasts. The commercial production of this pigment has traditionally been performed by chemical synthesis, but the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis appears to be the most promising source for its industrial biological production. Due to its collective diverse functions in skin biology, there is mounting evidence that astaxanthin possesses various health benefits and important nutraceutical applications in the field of dermatology. Although still debated, a range of potential mechanisms through which astaxanthin might exert its benefits on skin homeostasis have been proposed, including photoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. This review summarizes the available data on the functional role of astaxanthin in skin physiology, outlines potential mechanisms involved in the response to astaxanthin, and highlights the potential clinical implications associated with its consumption.

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Oral administration of astaxanthin is protective against UV-induced skin deterioration and helps maintain healthy skin.
“Oral administration of astaxanthin is protective against UV-induced skin deterioration and is helpful to maintain healthy skin.”
From Boosting the Photoaged Skin: The Potential Role of Dietary Components (2021) · cites this paper as [96]
Carotenoids inhibit the activity of MMPs.
“Carotenoids prevent ageing, stimulate fibroblasts to produce collagen and elastin, inhibit the activity of MMPs, and exhibit anti-inflammatory and UV-filtering effects [222,226,231].”
From Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [222]
Carotenoids prevent ageing.
“Carotenoids prevent ageing, stimulate fibroblasts to produce collagen and elastin, inhibit the activity of MMPs, and exhibit anti-inflammatory and UV-filtering effects [222,226,231].”
From Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [222]
Carotenoids exhibit UV-filtering effects.
“Carotenoids prevent ageing, stimulate fibroblasts to produce collagen and elastin, inhibit the activity of MMPs, and exhibit anti-inflammatory and UV-filtering effects [222,226,231].”
From Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [222]
Carotenoids exhibit anti-inflammatory effects.
“Carotenoids prevent ageing, stimulate fibroblasts to produce collagen and elastin, inhibit the activity of MMPs, and exhibit anti-inflammatory and UV-filtering effects [222,226,231].”
From Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [222]

Carotenoids improve the elasticity of skin.
“They have been shown to improve the elasticity, hydration and texture of skin; reduce TEWL; lighten the skin; reduce discoloration; and delay the signs of photoaging [222,231,232,233].”
From Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [222]
Carotenoids stimulate fibroblasts to produce collagen and elastin.
“Carotenoids prevent ageing, stimulate fibroblasts to produce collagen and elastin, inhibit the activity of MMPs, and exhibit anti-inflammatory and UV-filtering effects [222,226,231].”
From Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [222]
Carotenoids reduce TEWL.
“They have been shown to improve the elasticity, hydration and texture of skin; reduce TEWL; lighten the skin; reduce discoloration; and delay the signs of photoaging [222,231,232,233].”
From Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [222]
Carotenoids reduce discoloration.
“They have been shown to improve the elasticity, hydration and texture of skin; reduce TEWL; lighten the skin; reduce discoloration; and delay the signs of photoaging [222,231,232,233].”
From Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [222]
Carotenoids lighten the skin.
“They have been shown to improve the elasticity, hydration and texture of skin; reduce TEWL; lighten the skin; reduce discoloration; and delay the signs of photoaging [222,231,232,233].”
From Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [222]
Carotenoids improve the hydration of skin.
“They have been shown to improve the elasticity, hydration and texture of skin; reduce TEWL; lighten the skin; reduce discoloration; and delay the signs of photoaging [222,231,232,233].”
From Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [222]
Carotenoids delay the signs of photoaging.
“They have been shown to improve the elasticity, hydration and texture of skin; reduce TEWL; lighten the skin; reduce discoloration; and delay the signs of photoaging [222,231,232,233].”
From Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [222]
Carotenoids improve the texture of skin.
“They have been shown to improve the elasticity, hydration and texture of skin; reduce TEWL; lighten the skin; reduce discoloration; and delay the signs of photoaging [222,231,232,233].”
From Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [222]

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Astaxanthin attenuates the UVB‐induced secretion of prostaglandin E2and interleukin‐8 in human keratinocytes by interrupting MSK1 phosphorylation in a ROS depletion–independent manner
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Über die Farbstoffe des Hummers (Astacus gammarus L.)
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Cytoprotective Polyphenols Against Chronological Skin Aging and Cutaneous Photodamage
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Astaxanthin reduces matrix metalloproteinase expression in human chondrocytes
Chen, W., Xiong, Y., Shi, Y., Hu, P., Bao, J., & Wu, L. (2014) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2013.12.007 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Astaxanthin Supplementation Does Not Augment Fat Use or Improve Endurance Performance
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Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of synthetic astaxanthin as feed additive for salmon and trout, other fish, ornamental fish, crustaceans and ornamental birds
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Cytoprotective Effects of Citicoline and Homotaurine against Glutamate and High Glucose Neurotoxicity in Primary Cultured Retinal Cells
Davinelli, S., Chiosi, F., Marco, R. D., Costagliola, C., & Scapagnini, G. (2017) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2017/2825703 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
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Altered expression pattern of Nrf2/HO-1 axis during accelerated-senescence in HIV-1 transgenic rat
Davinelli, S., Scapagnini, G., Denaro, F., Calabrese, V., Benedetti, F., Krishnan, S., Curreli, S., Bryant, J., & Zella, D. (2014) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-014-9511-6 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
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Synergistic Effect of L-Carnosine and EGCG in the Prevention of Physiological Brain Aging
Davinelli, S., Marco, R. D., Bracale, R., Quattrone, A., Zella, D., & Scapagnini, G. (2013) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612811319150007 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
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Immunosenescence and Its Hallmarks: How to Oppose Aging Strategically? A Review of Potential Options for Therapeutic Intervention
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Plant-Derived Antioxidants: Significance in Skin Health and the Ageing Process
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Bioactive Compounds for Skin Health: A Review
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Programmed microalgae-gel promotes chronic wound healing in diabetes
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Astaxanthin and its Effects in Inflammatory Responses and Inflammation-Associated Diseases: Recent Advances and Future Directions
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Astaxanthin: A super antioxidant from microalgae and its therapeutic potential
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“Therapeutic uses of natural astaxanthin: An evidence-based review focused on human clinical trials”
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Anti-inflammatory action of astaxanthin and its use in the treatment of various diseases
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Skin Carotenoids in Public Health and Nutricosmetics: The Emerging Roles and Applications of the UV Radiation-Absorbing Colourless Carotenoids Phytoene and Phytofluene
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Recent advancements in the genetic engineering of microalgae
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Green Extraction Techniques of Bioactive Compounds: A State-of-the-Art Review
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Astaxanthin: A Potential Mitochondrial-Targeted Antioxidant Treatment in Diseases and with Aging
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Xanthophylls from the Sea: Algae as Source of Bioactive Carotenoids
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Microorganisms: A Potential Source of Bioactive Molecules for Antioxidant Applications
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The Benefits and Risks of Certain Dietary Carotenoids that Exhibit both Anti- and Pro-Oxidative Mechanisms—A Comprehensive Review
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Microalgae with Immunomodulatory Activities
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Astaxanthin: How much is too much? A safety review
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Structures of Astaxanthin and Their Consequences for Therapeutic Application
Brotosudarmo, T. H. P., Limantara, L., Setiyono, E., & Heriyanto (2020) · International Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1155/2020/2156582 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Mechanisms of and Potential Medications for Oxidative Stress in Ovarian Granulosa Cells: A Review
Liu, S., Jia, Y., Meng, S., Luo, Y., Yang, Q., & Pan, Z. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24119205 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Isolation of Industrial Important Bioactive Compounds from Microalgae
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Sustainable food and feed sources from microalgae: Food security and the circular bioeconomy
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Microalgae Derived Astaxanthin: Research and Consumer Trends and Industrial Use as Food
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The Protective Role of Astaxanthin for UV-Induced Skin Deterioration in Healthy People—A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
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Enhancing Skin Health: By Oral Administration of Natural Compounds and Minerals with Implications to the Dermal Microbiome
Vollmer, D. L., West, V. A., & Lephart, E. D. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19103059 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Novel Insights into the Biotechnological Production of Haematococcus pluvialis-Derived Astaxanthin: Advances and Key Challenges to Allow Its Industrial Use as Novel Food Ingredient
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Metabolites with Antioxidant Activity from Marine Macroalgae
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Clinical Applications of Astaxanthin in the Treatment of Ocular Diseases: Emerging Insights
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Resource recovery from industrial effluents through the cultivation of microalgae: A review
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Astaxanthin as a Modulator of Nrf2, NF-κB, and Their Crosstalk: Molecular Mechanisms and Possible Clinical Applications
Davinelli, S., Saso, L., D’Angeli, F., Calabrese, V., Intrieri, M., & Scapagnini, G. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27020502 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
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Carotenoids in Cancer Apoptosis—The Road from Bench to Bedside and Back
Koklesová, L., Líšková, A., Samec, M., Buhrmann, C., Samuel, S. M., Varghese, E., Ashrafizadeh, M., Najafi, M., Shakibaei, M., Büsselberg, D., et al. (2020) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers12092425 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Astaxanthin from Crustaceans and Their Byproducts: A Bioactive Metabolite Candidate for Therapeutic Application
Šimat, V., Rathod, N. B., Čagalj, M., Hamed, I., & Mekinić, I. G. (2022) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md20030206 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Astaxanthin attenuates ferroptosis via Keap1-Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways in LPS-induced acute lung injury
Luo, L., Huang, F., Zhong, S., Ding, R., Su, J., & Li, X. (2022) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121091 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Astaxanthin as a microalgal metabolite for aquaculture: A review on the synthetic mechanisms, production techniques, and practical application
Lu, Q., Li, H., Zou, Y., Liu, H., & Yang, L. (2021) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2020.102178 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Haematococcus pluvialis as a Potential Source of Astaxanthin with Diverse Applications in Industrial Sectors: Current Research and Future Directions
Oslan, S. N. H., Tan, J. S., Oslan, S. N., Matanjun, P., Mokhtar, R. A. M., Shapawi, R., & Huda, N. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26216470 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Can Plant Phenolic Compounds Protect the Skin from Airborne Particulate Matter?
Boo, Y. C. (2019) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox8090379 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
The Role of Astaxanthin as a Nutraceutical in Health and Age-Related Conditions
Bjørklund, G., Gasmi, A., Lenchyk, L. V., Shanaida, M., Zafar, S., Mujawdiya, P. K., Lysiuk, R., Antonyak, H., Noor, S., Akram, M., et al. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27217167 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
De novo synthesis of astaxanthin: From organisms to genes
Fang, N., Wang, C., Liu, X., Zhao, X., Liu, Y., Liu, X., Du, Y., Zhang, Z., & Zhang, H. (2019) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2019.08.016 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Boosting the Photoaged Skin: The Potential Role of Dietary Components
Geng, R., Kang, S.-G., Huang, K., & Tong, T. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13051691 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Effects of Astaxanthin on the Proliferation and Migration of Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro
McCall, B. J., McPartland, C. K., Moore, R. A., Frank‐Kamenetskii, A., & Booth, B. W. (2018) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox7100135 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Gamma-aminobutyric acid facilitates the simultaneous production of biomass, astaxanthin and lipids in Haematococcus pluvialis under salinity and high-light stress conditions
Li, Q., Zhao, Y., Ding, W., Han, B., Geng, S., Ning, D., Ma, T., & Yu, X. (2020) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124418 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Bacterial Carotenoids: Extraction, Characterization, and Applications
López, G.-D., Álvarez‐Rivera, G., Carazzone, C., Ibáñez, E., Leidy, C., & Cifuentes, A. (2021) · Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1080/10408347.2021.2016366 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Crustacean waste biorefinery as a sustainable cost-effective business model
Vicente, F. A., Ventura, S. P. M., Passos, H., Dias, A. C., Torres‐Acosta, M. A., Novak, U., & Likozar, B. (2022) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2022.135937 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Pharmaceutical and nutraceutical potential of natural bioactive pigment: astaxanthin
Patil, A. D., Kasabe, P. J., & Dandge, P. B. (2022) · Natural Products and Bioprospecting · doi:10.1007/s13659-022-00347-y · Cited by 105 · see citing works
(Bio)Technological Aspects of Microalgae Pigments for Cosmetics
Morocho-Jácome, A. L., Ruscinc, N., Martinez, R. M., de Carvalho, J. C. M., Santos de Almeida, T., Rosado, C., Costa, J. G., Velasco, M. V. R., & Baby, A. R. (2020) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-020-10936-x · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Do We Utilize Our Knowledge of the Skin Protective Effects of Carotenoids Enough?
Balić, A., & Mokos, M. (2019) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox8080259 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Rational selection of bioactive principles for wound healing applications: Growth factors and antioxidants
Pamela, V. M., Sánchez, M. L., & Benavides, J. (2021) · International Wound Journal · doi:10.1111/iwj.13602 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Oil and pigments from shrimp processing by-products: Extraction, composition, bioactivities and its application- A review
Gulzar, S., Raju, N., Nagarajarao, R. C., & Benjakul, S. (2020) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2020.04.005 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Astaxanthin accumulation in the green microalga Haematococcus pluvialis: Effect of initial phosphate concentration and stepwise/continuous light stress
Liyanaarachchi, V. C., Nishshanka, G. K. S. H., Premaratne, R. G. M. M., Ariyadasa, T. U., Nimarshana, P. H. V., & Malik, A. (2020) · Biotechnology Reports · doi:10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00538 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
A Critical Review on the Microencapsulation of Bioactive Compounds and Their Application
Huang, K., Yuan, Y., & Xu, B. (2021) · Food Reviews International · doi:10.1080/87559129.2021.1963978 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Microalgal bioactive metabolites as promising implements in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals: inspiring therapy for health benefits
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Nrf2 a molecular therapeutic target for Astaxanthin
Kohandel, Z., Farkhondeh, T., Aschner, M., & Samarghandian, S. (2021) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111374 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Synthetic biology for future food: Research progress and future directions
Lv, X., Wu, Y., Gong, M., Deng, J., Gu, Y. M., Liu, Y., Li, J., Du, G., Ledesma‐Amaro, R., Liu, L., et al. (2021) · Future Foods · doi:10.1016/j.fufo.2021.100025 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Antioxidants to Defend Healthy and Youthful Skin—Current Trends and Future Directions in Cosmetology
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Natural antioxidants in diabetes treatment and management: prospects of astaxanthin
Kanwugu, O. N., Glukhareva, T. V., Danilova, I. G., & Kovaleva, E. G. (2021) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.1881434 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Molecular Mechanisms of Astaxanthin as a Potential Neurotherapeutic Agent
Bahbah, E. I., Ghozy, S. A., Attia, M. S., Negida, A., Emran, T. B., Mitra, S., Albadrani, G. M., Abdel‐Daim, M. M., Uddin, M. S., & Simal‐Gándara, J. (2021) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md19040201 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Algal Carotenoids: Chemistry, Sources, and Application
Mekinić, I. G., Šimat, V., Rathod, N. B., Hamed, I., & Čagalj, M. (2023) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods12142768 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Current developments on the application of microbial carotenoids as an alternative to synthetic pigments
Mussagy, C. U., Khan, S., & Kot, A. M. (2021) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.1908222 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Haematococcus pluvialis: A Potential Feedstock for Multiple-Product Biorefining
Nishshanka, G. K. S. H., Liyanaarachchi, V. C., Nimarshana, P. H. V., Ariyadasa, T. U., & Chang, J.-S. (2022) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131103 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Reprogramming microorganisms for the biosynthesis of astaxanthin via metabolic engineering
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Nanotechnology-Abetted Astaxanthin Formulations in Multimodel Therapeutic and Biomedical Applications
Jafari, Z., Bigham, A., Sadeghi, S., Dehdashti, S. M., Rabiee, N., Abedivash, A., Bagherzadeh, M., Nasseri, B., Karimi‐Maleh, H., Sharifi, E., et al. (2021) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01144 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Acidic cultivation of Haematococcus pluvialis for improved astaxanthin production in the presence of a lethal fungus
Hwang, S., Choi, H. I., & Sim, S. J. (2019) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.080 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Effects of Astaxanthin on Human Skin Ageing
Zhou, X., Cao, Q., Orfila, C., Zhao, J. J., & Zhang, L. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13092917 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Protective effects of astaxanthin on skin: Recent scientific evidence, possible mechanisms, and potential indications
Singh, K. N., Patil, S., & Barkate, H. V. (2019) · Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology · doi:10.1111/jocd.13019 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Maximizing crustaceans (shrimp, crab, and lobster) by-products value for optimum valorization practices: A comparative review of their active ingredients, extraction, bioprocesses and applications
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Carotenoids and Cognitive Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Intervention Trials
Davinelli, S., Alì, S., Solfrizzi, V., Scapagnini, G., & Corbi, G. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10020223 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
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Application of microalgae and microalgal bioactive compounds in skin regeneration
Miguel, S. P., Ribeiro, M. P., Otero, A., & Coutinho, P. (2021) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2021.102395 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis : processes, applications, and market
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The Skin Interactome: A Holistic “Genome-Microbiome-Exposome” Approach to Understand and Modulate Skin Health and Aging
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Skin Protection by Carotenoid Pigments
Flieger, J., Raszewska-Famielec, M., Radzikowska-Büchner, E., & Flieger, W. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25031431 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Natural pigments derived from plants and microorganisms: classification, biosynthesis, and applications
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A comprehensive review on astaxanthin sources, structure, biochemistry and applications in the cosmetic industry
Dutta, S., Kumar, S., & Banerjee, R. (2023) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2023.103168 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Pigments from microalgae
Pagels, F., Salvaterra, D., Amaro, H. M., & Guedes, A. C. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818536-0.00018-x · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Oxidative stress in vascular calcification
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Z-Isomers of Astaxanthin Exhibit Greater Bioavailability and Tissue Accumulation Efficiency than the All-E-Isomer
Honda, M., Murakami, K., Osawa, Y., Kawashima, Y., Hirasawa, K., & Kuroda, I. (2021) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00087 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Mulberry Leaf Flavonoids In Vitro and In Vivo
Lin, Z., Gan, T., Huang, Y., Bao, L., Liu, S., Cui, X., Wang, H., Jiao, F., Zhang, M., Su, C., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23147694 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Toxicological effects of marine seaweeds: a cautious insight for human consumption
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Authors: Davinelli, S., Nielsen, M. E., & Scapagnini, G.
Affiliations: University of Molise (IT)
FB Dermatology, Borupvang 5C, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark
Corresponding author: Davinelli, Sergio
ORCID: Davinelli, Sergio
Nielsen, Michael E.
Scapagnini, Giovanni
Venue: Nutrients
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2018-04-22
Volume: 10
Issue: 4
Pages: 522
ISSN: 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/nu10040522
PMC: PMC5946307
OpenAlex: W2802266362
Cited by: 473
References: 84
Citations by year: 2026: 38 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 96 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 5
FWCI: 7.43
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università degli Studi del Molise (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
Keywords: astaxanthin, xanthophyll carotenoids, skin health, skin repair, Haematococcus pluvialis, microalgae cultivation, nutraceuticals, photoprotection, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, skin homeostasis, dietary supplementation
MeSH terms: Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Antioxidants, Biological Availability, DNA Damage, DNA Repair, Humans, Skin, Skin Aging, Dietary Supplements, Xanthophylls

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Astaxanthin in Skin Health, Repair, and Disease: A Comprehensive Review

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