Oxidation events and skin aging
Open accessAbstract
The rate of skin aging, or that of tissue in general, is determined by a variable predominance of tissue degeneration over tissue regeneration. This review discusses the role of oxidative events of tissue degeneration and aging in general, and for the skin in particular. The mechanisms involved in intrinsic and extrinsic (photo-) aging are described. Since photoaging is recognized as an important extrinsic aging factor, we put special emphasize on the effects of UV exposure on aging, and its variable influence according to global location and skin type. We here summarise direct photochemical effects of UV on DNA, RNA, proteins and vitamin D, the factors contributing to UV-induced immunosuppression, which may delay aging, the nature and origin of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) as indirect contributors for aging, and the consequences of oxidative events for extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, such as that of collagen. We conclude that conflicting data on studies investigating the validity of the free radical damage theory of aging may reflect variations in the level of ROS induction which is difficult to quantify in vivo, and the lack of targeting of experimental ROS to the relevant cellular compartment. Also mitohormesis, an adaptive response, may arise in vivo to moderate ROS levels, further complicating interpretation of in vivo results. We here describes how skin aging is mediated both directly and indirectly by oxidative degeneration.This review indicates that skin aging events are initiated and often propagated by oxidation events, despite recently recognized adaptive responses to oxidative stress.
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Dietary intake of bioactive compounds through foods or dietary supplements influences skin hydration, elasticity, barrier function, and overall appearance by modulating antioxidant defense systems, inflammatory pathways, and lipid metabolism in the skin.
“Dietary intake of bioactive compounds through foods or dietary supplements has been shown to influence skin hydration, elasticity, barrier function, and overall appearance by modulating antioxidant defense systems, inflammatory pathways, and lipid metabolism in the skin [9,12,13].”
Oxidative stress plays an important role in skin aging and skin damage, with its main feature being increased intracellular ROS.
“Oxidative stress plays an important role in skin aging and skin damage processes, and its main feature is increased intracellular ROS.”
From Diet and Skin Aging—From the Perspective of Food Nutrition (2020) · cites this paper as [30]
Accumulation of ROS causes DNA damage, induces skin inflammatory response, reduces antioxidant enzymes, activates NF-kB and AP-1 to inhibit collagen production, and increases matrix metalloproteinases to decompose collagen and binding proteins in the dermis, eventually leading to skin aging.
“The accumulation of ROS causes DNA damage, induces skin inflammatory response, reduces antioxidant enzymes, activates nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) and activator protein1 (AP–1) to inhibit collagen production, and increases matrix metalloproteinases to decompose collagen and binding proteins in the dermis, which eventually leads to skin aging [30,31,32,33].”
From Diet and Skin Aging—From the Perspective of Food Nutrition (2020) · cites this paper as [30]
Oxidative stress is a major source of skin aging.
“Additionally, it is well known that oxidative stress is a major source of skin aging, and the mechanisms by which it occurs have been reviewed [2,13,14].”
Up to 80-90% of skin aging is due to deleterious effects of sunlight or photoaging.
“It is thought that up to 80-90% of skin aging is due to the deleterious effects of sunlight or photoaging [2,13].”
UVR contributes approximately 5%, visible light about 42%, and infrared light around 53% of the content of sunlight.
“There are different types of solar radiation: UVR contributes approximately 5%, visible light about 42%, and infrared light around 53% of the content of sunlight [13,23].”
UVA penetrates deeper into dermis to degrade collagen and elastin fibers via oxidative stress mechanisms that activate MMPs and damage mitochondrial structure/function, leading to extrinsic skin photoaging.
“UVA (320-400 nm) at a higher wavelength range represents 95-98% of the total UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface can damage the epidermis and penetrates deeper into the dermis to degrade collagen and elastin fibers via oxidative stress mechanisms that in turn activate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and damage mitochondrial structure/function that leads to extrinsic skin photoaging [2,13,14”
Most UV-induced oxidative stress is generated by UVA, which is more cytotoxic to human skin compared to UVB; UVB are mostly mutagenic; both stimulate generation of ROS.
“Thus, most UV-induced oxidative stress is generated by UVA, which is more cytotoxic to human skin compared to UVB; whereas UVB are mostly mutagenic, both are known to stimulate the generation of ROS, [2,13,14,25]”
UVB penetrates into epidermal cells, can damage DNA and activate a cascade leading to generation of ROS and increased photo-aging.
“UVB (280-320 nm), while representing only 2-5% of the sun's emissions, penetrates into epidermal cells, can damage DNA and activate a cascade of events leading to the generation of ROS and increased photo-aging [2,13,23,24].”
The formation of ROS is a widely accepted pivotal mechanism leading to skin aging.
“The formation of ROS is a widely accepted pivotal mechanism leading to skin aging (see Figure 6) [2,13,14].”
Photoaging or extrinsic aging due to UV light and environmental pollutants trigger oxidative stress and formation of ROS that damages DNA, mitochondrial function, protein, lipids, and results in declination of antioxidant levels.
“photoaging or extrinsic aging due to exposure to UV light along with assaults from environmental pollutants (such as particles, wind or cold) trigger oxidative stress and the formation of ROS that damages DNA, mitochondrial function, protein, lipids, and results in the declination of antioxidant levels [2,13,14].”
The formation of ROS is a natural consequence of oxygen metabolism and ROS have integral physiological roles in cell signalling and oxygen homeostasis.
“The formation of ROS is a natural consequence of oxygen metabolism and ROS have integral physiological roles in cell signalling and oxygen homeostasis [7].”
From Oxidative Stress and Ageing: The Influence of Environmental Pollution, Sunlight and Diet on Skin (2017) · cites this paper as [7]
Antioxidants are produced to counteract oxidative stress generated by excess ROS; elevated ROS levels can overwhelm endogenous cellular antioxidant mechanisms.
“Antioxidants are produced to counteract oxidative stress generated by excess ROS; however, in times of environmental stress, elevated ROS levels can overwhelm endogenous cellular antioxidant mechanisms [7].”
From Oxidative Stress and Ageing: The Influence of Environmental Pollution, Sunlight and Diet on Skin (2017) · cites this paper as [7]
UVR forms can be subdivided into UVA (320-400 nm), UVB (280-320 nm) and UVC (100-280 nm).
“UVR forms can be subdivided into three categories according to wavelength; UVA (320-400 nm), UVB (280-320 nm) and UVC (100-280 nm) [7].”
From Oxidative Stress and Ageing: The Influence of Environmental Pollution, Sunlight and Diet on Skin (2017) · cites this paper as [7]
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- Authors
- Kammeyer, A., & Luiten, R. M.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Kammeyer, A.
- ORCID
- Luiten, R.M.
- Venue
- Ageing Research Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-05
- Volume
- 21
- Pages
- 16-29
- ISSN
- 1568-1637 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2071419221
- Cited by
- 980
- References
- 153
- Citations by year
- 2026: 87 · 2025: 104 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 129 · 2022: 127 · 2021: 107 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 13
- FWCI
- 8.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- pure.amsterdamumc.nl
- Licence
- Locations
- Ageing Research Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Advanced Glycation End Products research
- Keywords
- skin aging, photoaging, intrinsic aging, extrinsic aging, UV exposure, reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, UV-induced immunosuppression, extracellular matrix degradation, collagen, vitamin D, DNA damage, oxidative stress, mitohormesis
- MeSH terms
- Connective Tissue, Humans, Oxidation-Reduction, Skin, Ultraviolet Rays, Skin Aging, Oxidative Stress
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