Is problem solving dependent on language?
Abstract
There has been a long-standing debate in the fields of philosophy and cognitive science surrounding the relationship of language to cognition, but the exact nature of this relationship is still unclear (Sokolov, 1968/1972). In the current study, we explored the role of language in one aspect of cognition, namely problem solving, by administering the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) to stroke patients with varying degrees of language impairment (Experiment 1) and to normal participants under conditions of articulatory suppression (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, there was a significant correlation between performance on the WCST and language measures such as comprehension and naming. Demonstrating the specificity of this result, we also found a significant relationship between language performance and another test of problem solving, the Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices, but no relationship between language and a test of visuospatial functioning. In Experiment 2, normal participants were significantly impaired on the WCST under conditions of articulatory suppression, relative to a baseline condition. Together, these findings suggest that language plays a role in complex problem solving, possibly through covert language processes.
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Articulatory suppression to interfere with inner speech on cognitive tasks has been widely used in children and adults.
“Articulatory suppression to interfere with inner speech on cognitive tasks has been widely used in children and adults (Baldo et al., 2005; Hermer-Vazquez, Spelke, & Katsnelson, 1999; Lidstone, Meins, & Fernyhough, 2010).”
From Inner Speech: Development, Cognitive Functions, Phenomenology, and Neurobiology (2015) · cites this paper as Baldo et al., 2005
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A voice without a mouth no more: The neurobiology of language and consciousness
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Reinforcement learning in young adults with developmental language impairment
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Working memory in aphasia: Peeling the onion
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Abstract Concepts and Metacognition: Searching for Meaning in Self and Others
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Can we decode phonetic features in inner speech using surface electromyography?
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Mapping spoken language and cognitive deficits in post-stroke aphasia
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Language as grist to the mill of cognition
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Use of Visual Supports with Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
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Language impairments and resting-state EEG in brain tumour patients: Revealing connections
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Decision-making, cognition, and aphasia: developing a foundation for future discussions and inquiry
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Uncovering the Neural Substrates of Language: A Voxel‐Based Lesion–Symptom Mapping Approach
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Voxel-Based Lesion Symptom Mapping
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Assessing the integrity of executive functioning in chronic aphasia
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Sharing the same languages helps us work better together
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Valence, form, and content of self-talk predict sport type and level of performance
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- Authors
- BALDO, J., DRONKERS, N., WILKINS, D., LUDY, C., RASKIN, P., & KIM, J.
- Affiliations
- Scripps College (US)
- VA Northern California Health Care System (US)
- Corresponding author
- BALDO, J
- Venue
- Brain and Language
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-03
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 240-250
- ISSN
- 0093-934X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2127864305
- Cited by
- 236
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 2.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain and Language (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Categorization, perception, and language
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- language and cognition, problem solving, language impairment, stroke, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, articulatory suppression, Coloured Progressive Matrices, visuospatial functioning, language comprehension, word naming
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aphasia, Cognition, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Linguistics, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Problem Solving, Stroke
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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