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NF-κB/p65 antagonizes Nrf2-ARE pathway by depriving CBP from Nrf2 and facilitating recruitment of HDAC3 to MafK
Open accessAbstract
Constitutively activated NF-kappaB occurs in many inflammatory and tumor tissues. Does it interfere with anti-inflammatory or anti-tumor signaling pathway? Here, we report that NF-kappaB p65 subunit repressed the Nrf2-antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway at transcriptional level. In the cells where NF-kappaB and Nrf2 were simultaneously activated, p65 unidirectionally antagonized the transcriptional activity of Nrf2. In the p65-overexpressing cells, the ARE-dependent expression of heme oxygenase-1 was strongly suppressed. However, p65 inhibited the ARE-driven gene transcription in a way that was independent of its own transcriptional activity. Two mechanisms were found to coordinate the p65-mediated repression of ARE: (1) p65 selectively deprives CREB binding protein (CBP) from Nrf2 by competitive interaction with the CH1-KIX domain of CBP, which results in inactivation of Nrf2. The inactivation depends on PKA catalytic subunit-mediated phosphorylation of p65 at S276. (2) p65 promotes recruitment of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3), the corepressor, to ARE by facilitating the interaction of HDAC3 with either CBP or MafK, leading to local histone hypoacetylation. This investigation revealed the participation of NF-kappaB p65 in the negative regulation of Nrf2-ARE signaling, and might provide a new insight into a possible role of NF-kappaB in suppressing the expression of anti-inflammatory or anti-tumor genes.
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“In addition, decreased levels of Nrf2, a transcription factor negatively regulated by NF-κB (Liu et al., 2008) that is involved in antioxidants response mechanisms (Nair et al., 2008), have been reported in the brains of AD patients (Ramsey et al., 2007).”
From Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Phytochemicals in Alzheimer’s Disease: Focus on Polyphenols and Monoterpenes (2022) · cites this paper as Liu et al., 2008
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“A large number of pathological stimuli, such as cigarette smoke, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein, activates both NF-κB signaling and Nrf2-ARE pathway [7, 36-38].”
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“Liu and others found that p65 selectively deprives CBP (CREB binding protein, a major coactivator of Nrf2) of Nrf2 and enhances the recruitment of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) which deacetylates CBP and thus suppresses CBP coactivator activity, resulting in local histone hypoacetylation (Liu et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMechanistic Insights and Potential Therapeutic Implications of NRF2 in Diabetic Encephalopathy
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Astaxanthin Mitigates 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Male Rats
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“such as NF-kappaB/p65 [79] and c-Myc [80].”
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“Nrf-2 activates specific genes that encode antioxidant agents that preserve redox homeostasis (Gupte et al.”
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Nrf2 signaling in bone health: unlocking new avenues for osteoporosis management
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“…aspect of Nrf2’s regulatory capacity is its crosstalk with the NF-κB pathway, where both transcription factors compete for binding to the transcriptional co-activator CREB-binding protein, thereby inhibiting NF-κB-mediated expression of pro-inflammatory genes when Nrf2 is active (Liu et al. 2008).”
Circadian Clock and OxInflammation: Functional Crosstalk in Cutaneous Homeostasis
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Oxidative Stress in Inflammation
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“Under oxidative stress conditions, Nrf2 is translocated to the nucleus, where it binds to AREs in the promoter regions of genes encoding antioxidant proteins and detoxification enzymes to initiate their transcriptions [14].”
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“In addition, NF-κB p65 competes with Nrf2 for binding to the transcriptional co-activator CREB binding protein (CBP), triggering the expression of proinflammatory genes (Liu et al. 2008) (see Fig.”
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“Moreover, NF-κB p65 decreases ARE-related genes by promoting histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) (Liu et al .”
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“Both of those transcription factors can form a crossing point to control the expression of many target proteins [91, 92].”
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“The CH1 domain binds HIF-1a with high affinity [26], as well as several other potential neoplastic biomarkers including p53 [27], CITED2 [28], and NF-kB/p65 subunit [29].”
BackgroundSulforaphane Ameliorates the Liver Injury of Traumatic Hemorrhagic Shock Rats
Guan, Z., Zhou, L., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Chen, H., & Shao, F. (2021) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2021.05.004 · Cited by 9
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“A reciprocating competition for CBP complex formation means that overexpression of one transcription factor drives down CBP availability to form complexes with the other and, therefore, competition for CBP could limit downstream responses [68].”
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“activation of NF-κB antagonizes Nrf2-mediated transcription by either inhibition of Nrf2-DNA binding [28] or depriving CREB binding protein (CBP) from Nrf2 and facilitating the interaction of recruited histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) at the Nrf2-DNA binding site [29].”
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“Gbotsho et al. recently demonstrated that when the plasma heme scavenging system is saturated, the circulating heme induces a cardiac expression of IL-6 in sickle cell mice through an Nfr2 independent pathway.”
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“Interestingly, it has been reported that when the nuclear accumulations of p65 and Nrf2 co-occur, p65 antagonizes Nrf2-mediated gene transcription by depriving CBP from accessing Nrf2, resulting in the suppression of the transcriptions of genes downstream of Nrf2/ARE (Liu et al. 2008).”
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Erjingwan Extracts Exert Antiaging Effects of Skin through Activating Nrf2 and Inhibiting NF- κ B
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“ROS can activate NF-κB, causing p65 nuclear translocation and phosphorylation and enhancing SASP production (Liu et al. 2008 ; Kim et al. 2013).”
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“Alongside this, NF-κB decreases free CBP, which is a transcriptional coactivator of Nrf2, by competing with the CH1-KIX domain of CBP while also promoting the phosphorylation of p65 at Ser276, which, in turn, prevents CBP from binding to Nrf2 [10].”
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“Nrf2 is responsible for detoxification and xenobiotic removal due to its role in activating the gene transcription of antioxidant and phase II detoxification enzymes, followed by phase III efflux transporters [45, 46].”
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“NF-κB p65 subunit has the ability to inhibit transcription of Nrf2 (liu et al. 2008), so there is a possible crosstalk between the proteins as evident by the bioinformatic approach of the present study.”
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“…B p65 is likely mediated by its methylation at lysine 310 (Levy et al., 2011), miRNAs (Lee et al., 2014; Lukiw, 2022) and interactions with other transcriptional factors such as FOXO (Belguise and Sonenshein, 2007; Liu et al., 2008; Hwang et al., 2010) etc., which still need further investigation.”
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“For example, microglia generate ROS to destroy pathogens, which is also toxic for neurons and can sensitize the brain to more damage by activating signaling molecules such as NF-κB, consistent with the neuroprogression of psychosis [68].”
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“Specifically, p65 can inhibit Nrf2 by competitively interacting with the transcriptional co-activator CREB binding protein (CBP) and by promoting the recruitment of histone deacetylase 3, a co-repressor, to ARE [111].”
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“Furthermore, overexpression of NF-κ B can suppress the transcriptional activity of Nrf2, thereby leading to oxidative stress [71].”
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Abusarah, J., Cui, Y., El-Hachem, N., El-Kadiry, A. E.-H., Hammond-Martel, I., Würtele, H., Beaudry, A., Raynal, N. J. ‐., Robert, F., Pelletier, J., et al. (2020) · Molecular Cancer Therapeutics · doi:10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0333 · Cited by 5
“This is a plausible hypothesis given that class 1 histone deacetylases were reported to inhibit Nrf2 binding to ARE by maintaining a state of histone hypoacetylation (49, 50).”
BackgroundSiegel, K. R., Bérubé, R., Day, M., Heldman, S., Daley, C., Murray, B. R., Hecht, R., Caron-Beaudoin, É., & Kassotis, C. D. (2024) · Reproduction · doi:10.1530/rep-24-0134 · Cited by 6
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Redox State in Professional Cyclists Following Competitive Sports Activity
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“Conclusions: Redox balance assessment is a useful tool to: a) monitor athletic performance and predict the onset of redox inflammatory state (RI), which might be detrimental to the athlete's physical condition; b) propose suitable supplementation with particular foods and dietary supplements.”
MethodCohen, D., Ma’or, Z., Cohen, M. P., Oron, M., & Kohen, R. (2022) · Journal of Cosmetics Dermatological Sciences and Applications · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4025899 · Cited by 5
Liver Diseases: Epigenetic Mechanisms, Oxidative Stress and Use of Alpha-Lipoic Acid
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“Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a major transcriptional regulator of cellular redox balance, is also an important component of the antioxidant defense system (Tang et al. 2014).”
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“Activation of Nrf2 can also suppress NF-κB-mediated inflammatory processes in COVID-19 [92], Figure 4.”
BackgroundInfluentialDecoding senescent drivers in Alzheimer's disease: From bench to bedside
Zhou, R., Lin, X., Liao, Z., Lin, J., Zheng, R., Ni, H., Liu, W., Feng, Z., He, Q., Lin, X., et al. (2025) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2025.102978 · Cited by 4
Social isolation: an integrated molecular web that disrupts cellular homeostasis
Qaisiya, M., Moretto, E., Battocchio, E., Pistella, A., Caso, M. G., Bellani, M., & Guarnieri, F. C. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2025.1693696 · Cited by 10
Therapeutic potential of isothiocyanates by targeting the NRF2 pathway
García‐Yagüe, Á. J., Cazalla, E., & Cuadrado, A. (2026) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2026.03.029 · Cited by 5
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Mechanism of Nrf2 in the treatment of ulcerative colitis via regulating macrophage polarization.
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Exercise training improves obesity-induced inflammatory signaling in rat brown adipose tissue
Tsuzuki, T., Yoshihara, T., Ichinoseki‐Sekine, N., Kobayashi, H., Negishi, T., Yukawa, K., & Naıto, H. (2022) · Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101398 · Cited by 4
“NF-κB can directly inhibit Nrf2-antioxidant response element signaling [27], whereas Nrf2 negatively regulates the NF-κB signaling pathway by increasing antioxidant defense [28].”
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“26 Moreover, Ang II ‐ induced Nrf2 activation may occur through STAT3 27 or sestrin2 28 – 30 activation.”
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Repurposing metformin for treating osteoarthritis via leveraging Nrf2 signaling
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“Overall, these multiple upstream signaling pathways tightly control Nrf2 activity, ensuring a balanced cellular response to oxidative stress and maintaining redox homeostasis (Liu et al. 2008; Chowdhry et al. 2013; Koundouros and Poulogiannis 2018; Xu et al. 2020; Yu and Xiao 2021).”
InfluentialKumar, A., Mehan, S., Gupta, S., Gupta, G. D., Samant, R., & Tongra, M. (2026) · NeuroMolecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12017-026-08929-6 · Cited by 4
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ZBP-89 reduces histone deacetylase 3 by degrading IkappaB in the presence of Pin1
Ye, C. G., Liu, L., Chen, G. G., Tang, X., He, Z., He, M., & Lai, P. B. S. (2015) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0382-7 · Cited by 3
“NF-κB subunit p65 has been shown to recruit HDAC3 to the antioxidant response element of Nrf2 gene, leading to local histone hypoacetylation [30].”
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“In addition, there is concern that muscle biopsies may trigger an acute inflammatory response (i.e., nuclear factor-κB activation) that could independently activate NRF2, thereby affecting the interpretation of transcriptional changes (Groeger et al., 2010; Liu et al., 2008).”
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The Gordian knot of the immune-redox systems’ interactions in psychosis
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Contribution of Transcription Factors and Genes in the Induction of Oxidative Stress
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The Anticarcinogenic Properties of Brassica Vegetables
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“Conversely, NF-κB p65 has the ability to prevent the activation of Nrf2 by reducing CREB binding protein (CBP), the transcriptional co-activator of Nrf2, and preventing CBP from binding to Nrf2 (Liu et al. 2008).”
Ahmed, A., Wong, M., Santamarı́a, A., da Rocha, J. B. T., Bowman, A. B., Aschner, M., & Ferrer, B. (2025) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-025-04507-7 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Liu, G.-H., Qu, J., & Shen, X.
- Affiliations
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Shen, Xun
- Venue
- Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-05
- Volume
- 1783
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 713-727
- ISSN
- 0167-4889 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2113024198
- Cited by
- 697
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 54 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 7.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 1904 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (30330250, 30570462)
- Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (E-04010)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics, phytochemicals, and oxidative stress
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › NF-κB Signaling Pathways
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nuclear Receptors and Signaling
- Keywords
- NF-κB p65, Nrf2, antioxidant response element, CBP, HDAC3, MafK, heme oxygenase-1, transcriptional repression, histone deacetylation, histone hypoacetylation, PKA phosphorylation, corepressor recruitment, anti-inflammatory signaling
- MeSH terms
- Histone Deacetylase 3, Antioxidants, Cell Line, Gene Expression Regulation, Histone Deacetylases, Humans, Transcription, Genetic, Trans-Activators, NF-kappa B, Response Elements, CREB-Binding Protein, MafK Transcription Factor, NF-E2-Related Factor 2, Transcription Factor RelA
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