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IL-1 receptor/Toll-like receptor signaling in infection, inflammation, stress and neurodegeneration couples hyperexcitability and seizures

Vezzani, Annamaria, Maroso, Mattia, Balosso, Silvia, Sanchez, Manuel-Alavez, Bartfai, Tamas·2011·Brain, Behavior, and Immunity

Abstract

Increasing evidence supports the involvement of immune and inflammatory processes in the etiopathogenesis of seizures. In particular, activation of innate immune mechanisms and the subsequent inflammatory responses, that are induced in the brain by infection, febrile seizures, neurotrauma, stroke are well documented conditions associated with acute symptomatic seizures and with a high risk of developing epilepsy. A decade ago, pharmacological experiments showed that elevated brain levels of the anti-inflammatory molecule IL-1 receptor antagonist reduced seizures in epilepsy models. This observation, together with the evidence of in situ induction of inflammatory mediators and their receptors in experimental and human epileptogenic brain tissue, established the proof-of-concept evidence that the activation of innate immunity and inflammation in the brain are intrinsic features of the pathologic hyperexcitable tissue. Recent breakthroughs in understanding the molecular organization of the innate immune system first in macrophages, then in the different cell types of the CNS, together with pharmacological and genetic studies in epilepsy models, showed that the activation of IL-1 receptor/Toll-like receptor (IL-1R/TLR) signaling significantly contributes to seizures. IL-1R/TLR mediated pro-excitatory actions are elicited in the brain either by mimicking bacterial or viral infections and inflammatory responses, or via the action of endogenous ligands. These ligands include proinfl…

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Authors
Vezzani, A., Maroso, M., Balosso, S., Sanchez, M.-A., & Bartfai, T.
Venue
Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2011-10
Volume
25
Issue
7
Pages
1281-1289
ISSN
0889-1591
Cited by
362
References
6
Language
en

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Vezzani, A., Maroso, M., Balosso, S., Sanchez, M.-A., & Bartfai, T. (2011). IL-1 receptor/Toll-like receptor signaling in infection, inflammation, stress and neurodegeneration couples hyperexcitability and seizures. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2011.03.018