The DOI matches its Crossref record; 98 of the 106 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 27 of the 57 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence
Open accessAbstract
Highlights • COVID-19 patients displayed high levels of PTSS and increased levels of depression.• Patients with preexisting psychiatric disorders reported worsening of psychiatric symptoms.• Higher levels of psychiatric symptoms were found among health care workers.• A decrease in psychological well-being was observed in the general public.• However, well conducted large-scale studies are highly needed.
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Claims the paper makes
27 of 57 cited sources checked · 17 supported · 2 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“No difference in PTSS was observed (Sun et al., 2020)”
§ COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence > Results > Psychiatric symptoms/psychological distress among health care workers
What the sources say
- Disputedcites Sun et al., 2020 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper reports the opposite of the attributed claim. In “Associated factors for the severity of PTSD,” it states that PCL-5 scores differed significantly by population classification (p < 0.001), with health care workers reporting lower symptom levels than both low-risk and high-risk public groups. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Disputed
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“lower education (Liu et al., 2020)”
§ COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence > Results > Risk factors of PTSS, psychological distress and affected general mental health
What the sources say
- Disputedcites Liu et al., 2020 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In Results > Related factors of the occurrence of PTSS (page unavailable), the initial regression shows lower PTSS scores for respondents with high-school education or below than for those with university or college education. That difference is not significant in the final model. Results > The prevalence and demographic characteristics likewise reports a lower mean PTSS score for the lower-education group, not the higher risk claimed. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Disputed
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The risk of PTSS were positively associated with female gender (Sun et al., 2020, Liu et al., 2020)”
§ COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence > Results > Risk factors of PTSS, psychological distress and affected general mental health
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Sun et al., 2020 source
The paper’s ‘Predictive and risk factors for PTSD’ section reports that gender was a significant predictor (p < 0.001) and that females reported higher PTSD levels. Table 3 also shows a positive coefficient for female versus male on the PCL-5 symptom score. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Supportedcites Liu et al., 2020 source
The Results section (‘The gender difference in the PTSS’; page not specified) reports higher PTSS symptom prevalence in females than males, with significant differences in several symptom domains. This supports the claimed positive association with female gender. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“one study found no difference between being in quarantine (n = 1443) or not (n = 836) (Zhu et al., 2020).”
§ COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence > Results > Psychiatric symptoms/psychological distress among the general public
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Zhu et al., 2020 source
The paper reports 1,443 participants with quarantine and 836 without it (Abstract; page not specified). It states that quarantine was not related to the prevalence of mental health problems, supporting the cited comparison in the context of mental health. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 1,443Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Poor-self rated health (Wang et al., 2020a, Gao et al., 2020, Wang et al., 2020b)”
§ COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence > Results > Risk factors of anxiety and depression
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wang et al., 2020a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Gao et al., 2020 source
The Results section (‘Depression and SME’; page not provided) says that declining self-rated health was significantly associated with increased odds of depression. The ‘Anxiety and SME’ and ‘Combination of depression and anxiety and SME’ sections also report higher adjusted odds for participants with less-than-excellent self-rated health. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not matchedcites Wang et al., 2020b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Working in frontline compared to second line (Lu et al., 2020b, Lai et al., 2020)”
§ COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence > Results > Risk factors of anxiety and depression
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lu et al., 2020b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Lai et al., 2020 source
The Results section (Risk Factors of Mental Health Outcomes, Table 5) compares frontline with second-line workers and reports higher adjusted odds of severe depression (OR 1.52) and anxiety (OR 1.57) among frontline workers. This supports the claimed association, though the study describes symptoms rather than clinical diagnoses. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“living in Hubei province (Sun et al., 2020, Liu et al., 2020)”
§ COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence > Results > Risk factors of PTSS, psychological distress and affected general mental health
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Sun et al., 2020 source
The Discussion (page not supplied) reports that Hubei residents had the highest level of PTSD symptoms. The Associated factors for the severity of PTSD section also reports a statistically significant difference in PCL-5 scores by location. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Partly supportedcites Liu et al., 2020 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page not provided) report significantly higher PCL-5 scores among respondents currently or previously in Wuhan than among those outside Wuhan. The Methods identify the study area as Wuhan and surrounding cities in Hubei, but the paper does not establish an association for living anywhere in Hubei province versus living outside the province. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Current medical disease (including psychiatric disorders and substance abuse) (Zhang et al., 2020b, Wang et al., 2020a, Ozdin and Bayrak Ozdin, 2020), and a past medical history (including psychiatric history and substance abuse) (Wang et al., 2020a, Mazza et al., 2020, Li et al., 2020c, Ozdin and Bayrak Ozdin, 2020) were associated with/increased the risk of depression and/or anxiety.”
§ COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence > Results > Risk factors of anxiety and depression
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Zhang et al., 2020b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Wang et al., 2020a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites Ozdin and Bayrak Ozdin, 2020 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report higher depression scores among participants with current psychiatric illness or chronic disease, and higher anxiety scores among those with current psychiatric illness. The paper does not identify substance abuse as a studied condition, and its adjusted analysis does not establish current medical disease as a risk factor for depression or anxiety; the claim is supported as an association, not across every condition it names. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“relatives/friends/acquaintance suspected of/acquired COVID-19 (Cao et al., 2020, Mazza et al., 2020, Du et al., 2020, Li et al., 2020c, Ozdin and Bayrak Ozdin, 2020, Kang et al., 2020a)”
§ COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence > Results > Risk factors of anxiety and depression
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Cao et al., 2020 source
The Results (Factors influencing college students’ anxiety) report that having a relative or acquaintance infected with COVID-19 was associated with greater anxiety among Chinese college students (OR = 3.007). This supports the cited association through the infection-and-anxiety alternatives in the claim. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Partly supportedcites Mazza et al., 2020 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that having an acquaintance infected with COVID-19 was associated with increased depression, while having an infected relative was associated with increased anxiety. The survey methods ask about acquaintances and loved ones who were or had been infected; the cited paper does not establish the claimed association for merely suspected cases or separately for friends. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not matchedcites Du et al., 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“while two papers found no difference (compared to the general public (Huang and Zhao, 2020) and non-frontline workers (Liang et al., 2020)).”
§ COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence > Results > Psychiatric symptoms/psychological distress among health care workers
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Huang and Zhao, 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Liang et al., 2020 source
The study results report no statistically significant difference in depression (SDS) or anxiety (SAS) scores between staff in COVID-19-associated departments and staff in other departments. That supports the part of the citing sentence attributed to Liang et al.; the general-public comparison is attributed to a different paper. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Not matched
- Probably not a substantial claim. 3
- It may state two separate claims as one. 11
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“One study found no significant difference in any items between workers/technical staff (n = 551) and management/executive staff (n = 122) (all P > 0.05) (Tan et al., 2020)”
§ COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence > Results > Psychiatric symptoms/psychological distress among the general public
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Tan et al., 2020 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section on immediate mental health status reports no significant differences between the groups in PTSD symptoms, depression, anxiety, stress or insomnia (p > 0.05). But “any items” and “all P > 0.05” overstate the finding: the Results also report a difference in worries about young children’s health (p = 0.028), and Table 4 reports differences in some prevention measures (p = 0.040 and 0.048). Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 551Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“female gender (Zhang et al., 2020b, Lai et al., 2020, Mazza et al., 2020, Wang et al., 2020b, Ozdin and Bayrak Ozdin, 2020) was reported frequently, but was not consistent (Chen et al., 2020, Gao et al., 2020)”
§ COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence > Results > Risk factors of anxiety and depression
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Zhang et al., 2020b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Lai et al., 2020 source
The Results (Risk Factors of Mental Health Outcomes, Table 5) associate being a woman with severe depression and anxiety among surveyed health care workers. In the citing sentence, Lai et al. supports the reported association; the statement that findings were inconsistent is attributed to Chen et al. and Gao et al., not to Lai et al. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Supportedcites Mazza et al., 2020 source
Mazza et al. report in the Results (§§4.1–4.2) that female gender was associated with higher depression and anxiety levels. The citing sentence attaches Mazza et al. to the frequently reported association; it cites Chen and Gao, not Mazza, for inconsistent findings. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Among health care workers depression/depressive symptoms (six papers) and anxiety (eight papers) were increased”
§ COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence > Results > Psychiatric symptoms/psychological distress among health care workers
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Chen et al., 2020 source
The study’s results report significantly higher anxiety and depression scale scores among pediatric medical staff than general Chinese population norms during the COVID-19 outbreak. This supports the cited sentence’s increased-symptoms finding for this study’s population. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not matchedcites Mo et al., 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Lu et al., 2020b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Furthermore a study of parents of children hospitalized during the epidemic period had significant higher scores of anxiety, depression and dream anxiety compared to parents of children hospitalized in the non-epidemic period (all p < 0.001) (Yuan et al., 2020).”
§ COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence > Results > Psychiatric symptoms/psychological distress among the general public
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Yuan et al., 2020 source
Table 1 reports higher anxiety, depression, and dream anxiety scores for parents of children hospitalized during the epidemic than for those in the non-epidemic period. Each comparison has p < 0.001. (LLM, conf=0.95)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Among health care workers depression/depressive symptoms (six papers) and anxiety (eight papers) were increased”
§ COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence > Results > Psychiatric symptoms/psychological distress among health care workers
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Chen et al., 2020 source
The study’s results report that pediatric medical staff had significantly higher self-rated depression scores than the general Chinese population norm during the COVID-19 outbreak. This supports the claim’s comparison with norms; the other listed comparators are not needed for this citation. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not matchedcites Mo et al., 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Lu et al., 2020b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Taken together this indicates that SARS-CoV-2 could be neurotrophic entering the brain through the olfactory bulb, leading to an increase in neuropsychiatric symptoms among the patients surviving COVID-19.”
§ COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence > Discussion > Potential biological mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 and the effect on psychiatric symptoms
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Troyer et al., 2020 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Viral infiltration into the central nervous system” section describes possible coronavirus entry via the olfactory nerve and discusses SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion. The “Sub-acute to chronic neuropsychiatric sequelae” section says long-term outcomes in COVID-19 survivors were still unknown. The paper does not specifically identify the olfactory bulb as the entry route or establish that this route would increase neuropsychiatric symptoms in survivors. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Netland et al., 2008 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“This higher risk could be due to the corona-virus affecting the brain directly or indirectly by inducing a massive cytokine response affecting the brain (Troyer et al., 2020).”
§ COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence > Discussion > Psychiatric symptoms among COVID-19 patients
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Troyer et al., 2020 source
The ‘Depression, anxiety, and trauma-related disorders’ section discusses depression after coronavirus infection and says it is unclear whether psychiatric risks arise from infection itself or the host immune response. The ‘Cytokine network dysregulation’ section proposes that peripheral cytokines may cause neuropsychiatric symptoms even without viral entry into the brain. Together with the paper’s discussion of direct CNS infiltration, these passages support the citing sentence’s tentative explanation, not an established cause of depression in COVID-19 patients. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
In the paper
“The second study showed that the prevalence of depression (29.2%) was elevated (p = 0.016) among 57 patients newly recovered from COVID-19 compared to participants in quarantine (9.8%), while no difference in anxiety level was found (P = 0.154).”
- Also stated in: § Psychiatric symptoms among COVID-19 patients · plain
“The risk of depression was also found to be higher among patients with COVID-19 (Zhang et al., 2020a).”
§ COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence > Results > Patients with COVID-19
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Zhang et al., 2020a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Psychiatric symptoms among COVID-19 patients · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Firstly, the majority of the studies were conducted in Asia (only four studies from Europe and none from other continents), limiting the current generalization of the results.”
§ COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Secondly, most of the studies were not case-control studies no (35/43) and with a variety of reported outcomes, measuring of outcomes and statistical analysis was revealed.”
§ COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The strength of this review is that it was systematically conducted.”
§ COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regarding the indirect effects of COVID-19 on general mental health there seems to be evidence of an increase in depressive and anxiety symptoms along with negative impact on general mental health, particularly among health care workers.”
§ COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence > Conclusion and perspectives
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to the altered living conditions many of the identified risk factors will increase most likely leading to an increase in patients.”
§ COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence > Discussion > Risk factors of psychiatric symptoms in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes? Checkable: unclear? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A systematic review of 19 of 43 studies in the public demonstrated mental health changes in psychological well-being, anxiety and depression early in the pandemic [23].”
From Overview of sleep management during COVID-19. (2022) · cites this paper as [23]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Health care workers reported the highest rates of disturbed sleep in 20 of the 41 studies [23].”
From Overview of sleep management during COVID-19. (2022) · cites this paper as [23]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Studies reported that a considerable proportion of nurses were experiencing high levels of depression, anxiety, psychological distress, post-traumatic symptoms, burnout, and insomnia (4–6).”
From Translation, adaptation, and initial evaluation of a guided self-help intervention to reduce psychological distress among nurses during COVID-19 in China (2023) · cites this paper as [6]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with significantly higher levels of distress in the general population and people with persistent pain (Salari et al., 2020;Vindegaard & Benros, 2020;Yu al., 2021).”
From Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for women living with Vulvodynia: A single-case experimental design study of a treatment delivered online (2022) · cites this paper as Vindegaard & Benros, 2020
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Further to this, pre-existing medical conditions, chronic illness and/or self-evaluated poor health, are considerable risk factors for loneliness, anxiety, depression and psychological distress [7,8,9].”
From The impact of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak on the psychological flexibility and behaviour of cancelling medical appointments of italian patients with pre-existing medical condition: The “impact-COVID-19 for patients” multi-centre observational study (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A systematic review conducted early during the COVID-19 pandemic found that people who had previously been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus had significantly higher levels of depression symptoms compared to those who had never been infected (Vindegaard and Benros 2020).”
From Illness Stigma and Shame in People With Chronic Illnesses vs. SARS‐CoV‐2 Survivors: Associations With Psychological Distress Through Psychological Flexibility and Self‐Compassion. (2024) · cites this paper as Vindegaard and Benros 2020
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact the mental health of individuals and communities worldwide [1].”
From Synchronous Web-Based Psychotherapy for Mental Disorders From a Health Quality Perspective: Scoping Review (2023) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“studies on the general public revealed lower psychological well-being and higher scores of anxiety and depression compared to before COVID-19 [10].”
From Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicidal attempts and death rates: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“The evidence on the mental health harms caused by the response to COVID-19 found to be overwhelming”
From Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicidal attempts and death rates: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Consistent with previous studies from countries around the world (see Luo et al., 2020; Vindegaard and Eriksen Benros, 2020 for a review), we found that belonging to a risk group for a severe course of COVID-19, a current or past treatment due to mental health problems, being unemployed or non-working, a lower educational level and younger age were associated with negative mental health”
From Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany (2020) · cites this paper as Vindegaard and Eriksen Benros, 2020
In the citing paper
“Consistent with previous studies from countries around the world (see Luo et al., 2020; Vindegaard and Eriksen Benros, 2020 for a review), we found that belonging to a risk group for a severe course of COVID-19, a current or past treatment due to mental health problems, being unemployed or non-working, a lower educational level and younger age were associated with negative mental health”
From Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany (2020) · cites this paper as Vindegaard and Eriksen Benros, 2020
In the citing paper
“Consistent with previous studies from countries around the world (see Luo et al., 2020; Vindegaard and Eriksen Benros, 2020 for a review), we found that belonging to a risk group for a severe course of COVID-19, a current or past treatment due to mental health problems, being unemployed or non-working, a lower educational level and younger age were associated with negative mental health”
From Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany (2020) · cites this paper as Vindegaard and Eriksen Benros, 2020
In the citing paper
“Consistent with previous studies from countries around the world (see Luo et al., 2020; Vindegaard and Eriksen Benros, 2020 for a review), we found that belonging to a risk group for a severe course of COVID-19, a current or past treatment due to mental health problems, being unemployed or non-working, a lower educational level and younger age were associated with negative mental health”
From Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany (2020) · cites this paper as Vindegaard and Eriksen Benros, 2020
In the citing paper
“Consistent with previous studies from countries around the world (see Luo et al., 2020; Vindegaard and Eriksen Benros, 2020 for a review), we found that belonging to a risk group for a severe course of COVID-19, a current or past treatment due to mental health problems, being unemployed or non-working, a lower educational level and younger age were associated with negative mental health”
From Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany (2020) · cites this paper as Vindegaard and Eriksen Benros, 2020
In the citing paper
“With regard to the risk factor related to psychopathology, consistently with previous epidemiological studies, we have found that females, and patients with positive previous psychiatric diagnoses, suffered more in all psychopathological dimensions (Vindegaard and Eriksen Benros, 2020, Ozamiz-Etxebarria et al., 2020, Pappa et al., 2020).”
From Anxiety and depression in COVID-19 survivors: role of inflammatory and clinical predictors (2020) · cites this paper as Vindegaard and Eriksen Benros, 2020
In the citing paper
“In addition, psychological, social, and job-related factors have also been shown to be associated with poor mental health outcomes (Vindegaard and Benros, 2020).”
From Long-term effects of COVID-19 on mental health: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as Vindegaard and Benros, 2020
In the citing paper
“Various studies instead reported a deterioration of people’s mental health [5,6,98,99].”
From Positive Impact of Mindfulness Meditation on Mental Health of Female Teachers during the COVID-19 Outbreak in Italy (2020) · cites this paper as [99]
In the citing paper
“In line, a small COVID-19 patients’ study concluded that preexisting psychiatric disease patients reported mental symptom worsening following infection with the virus [162].”
From Hyperactivation of P2X7 receptors as a culprit of COVID-19 neuropathology (2021) · cites this paper as [162]
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Cites a retracted work: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102052
InfoThe cited work was retracted on 2020-11-03 (notice 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102482), not before this paper was published (2020-10).
Cited work 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102052 · retracted 2020-11-03 · notice 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102482 · this paper published 2020-10
“…lower levels of lymphocytes have been reported among severe cases compared to nonsevere (Mao et al., 2020), and patients with SARS-CoV-2 have been reported to have high amounts of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, IFNgamma, IP10 and MCP-1) suggesting a Th1 response (Huang, 2020).”
Cites a retracted work: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102482
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RETRACTED: Chinese mental health burden during the COVID-19 pandemic
Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102052 · Cited by 187 · cited 1×
“…lower levels of lymphocytes have been reported among severe cases compared to nonsevere (Mao et al., 2020), and patients with SARS-CoV-2 have been reported to have high amounts of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, IFNgamma, IP10 and MCP-1) suggesting a Th1 response (Huang, 2020).”
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RetractedClinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China
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Taquet, M., Geddes, J. R., Husain, M., Luciano, S., & Harrison, P. J. (2021) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(21)00084-5 · Cited by 2,189
“11 Similar concerns have been raised regarding psychiatric sequelae of COVID-19, 12,13 with evidence showing that survivors are indeed at increased risk of mood and anxiety disorders in the 3 months after infection.”
Anxiety and depression in COVID-19 survivors: role of inflammatory and clinical predictors
Mazza, M. G., De Lorenzo, R., Conte, C., Poletti, S., Vai, B., Bollettini, I., Melloni, E. M. T., Furlan, R., Ciceri, F., Rovere-Querini, P., et al. (2020) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.037 · Cited by 1,804
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Muller, A. E., Hafstad, E. V., Himmels, J. P. W., Smedslund, G., Flottorp, S., Stensland, S. Ø., Stroobants, S., Van de Velde, S., & Vist, G. E. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113441 · Cited by 895
Prati, G., & Mancini, A. D. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721000015 · Cited by 890
“Finally, Vindegaard and Benros suggest that ‘currently data is scarce, but indicates that mental health is affected in the general public’ (Vindegaard & Benros, 2020, p. 10).”
Quantifying the global burden of mental disorders and their economic value
Arias, D., Saxena, S., & Verguet, S. (2022) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101675 · Cited by 789
Hawes, M. T., Szenczy, A. K., Klein, D. N., Hajcak, G., & Nelson, B. D. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720005358 · Cited by 834
Nochaiwong, S., Ruengorn, C., Thavorn, K., Hutton, B., Awiphan, R., Phosuya, C., Ruanta, Y., Wongpakaran, N., & Wongpakaran, T. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-89700-8 · Cited by 743
“439])27; (3) the COVID19-government response stringency index during the survey (less- [less than 75%], moderate- [75–85%], and very stringent [more than 85%]) according to the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker reports28; (4) the preparedness of countries in terms of hospital beds per 10,000 people, 2010–201…”
MethodInfluentialFemale gender is associated with long COVID syndrome: a prospective cohort study
Bai, F., Tomasoni, D., Falcinella, C., Barbanotti, D., Castoldi, R., Mulè, G., Augello, M., Mondatore, D., Allegrini, M., Cona, A., et al. (2022) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.11.002 · Cited by 644
Panda, P. K., Gupta, J., Chowdhury, S. R., Kumar, R., Meena, A. K., Madaan, P., Sharawat, I. K., & Gulati, S. (2021) · Journal of Tropical Pediatrics · doi:10.1093/tropej/fmaa122 · Cited by 624
“However, many issues like the perception of students and the perception of parents were not addressed in that review [27].”
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Li, W., Zhao, Z., Chen, D., Peng, Y., & Lu, Z. (2022) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13606 · Cited by 615
Emotional, Behavioral, and Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Pedrosa, A. L., Bitencourt, L., Fróes, A. C. F., Cazumbá, M. L. B., Campos, R. G. B., de Brito, S. B. C. S., & Silva, A. C. S. E. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566212 · Cited by 632
Ma, L., Mazidi, M., Ke, L., Li, Y., Chen, S., Kirwan, R., Zhou, H., Yan, N., Rahman, A., Wang, W.-D., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.021 · Cited by 527
Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas, C., Palacios‐Ceña, D., Gómez‐Mayordomo, V., Cuadrado, M. L., & Florêncio, L. L. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052621 · Cited by 504
Revisiting COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy around the world using data from 23 countries in 2021
Lazarus, J. V., Wyka, K., White, T. M., Picchio, C. A., Rabin, K. H., Ratzan, S. C., Leigh, J. P., Hu, J., & El-Mohandes, A. A. E. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-31441-x · Cited by 448
Risk of clinical sequelae after the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection: retrospective cohort study
Daugherty, S. E., Guo, Y., Heath, K., Dasmariñas, M. C., Jubilo, K. G., Samranvedhya, J., Lipsitch, M., & Cohen, K. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n1098 · Cited by 437
Robb, C. E., de Jager, C. A., Ahmadi‐Abhari, S., Giannakopoulou, P., Udeh‐Momoh, C. T., McKeand, J., Price, G. J., Car, J., Majeed, A., Ward, H., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.591120 · Cited by 455
Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19 – A systematic review
Schou, T. M., Joca, S. R. L., Wegener, G., & Bay-Richter, C. (2021) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2021.07.018 · Cited by 424
“Also, a systematic review focussing primarily on the indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health has been performed (Vindegaard and Benros, 2020).”
Alimoradi, Z., Broström, A., Tsang, H. W. H., Griffiths, M. D., Haghayegh, S., Ohayon, M. M., Lin, C., & Pakpour, A. H. (2021) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100916 · Cited by 415
“Another systematic review found the associations between COVID-19 and psychiatric symptoms among patients with mental illness, healthcare workers, and non-healthcare workers [40].”
BackgroundLong-term effects of COVID-19 on mental health: a systematic review
Bourmistrova, N. W., Solomon, T., Braude, P., Strawbridge, R., & Carter, B. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.11.031 · Cited by 369
“In addition, psychological, social, and job-related factors have also been shown to be associated with poor mental health outcomes (Vindegaard and Benros, 2020).”
BackgroundFiorillo, A., Sampogna, G., Giallonardo, V., Vecchio, V. D., Luciano, M., Albert, U., Carmassi, C., Carrà, G., Cirulli, F., Dell’Osso, B. M., et al. (2020) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.89 · Cited by 382
Job loss and mental health during the COVID-19 lockdown: Evidence from South Africa
Posel, D. R., Oyenubi, A., & Kollamparambil, U. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0249352 · Cited by 338
Menges, D., Ballouz, T., Anagnostopoulos, A., Aschmann, H. E., Domenghino, A., Fehr, J. S., & Puhan, M. A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254523 · Cited by 359
Steward, M. W. (1983) · PubMed Central · Cited by 323
Positive psychology in a pandemic: buffering, bolstering, and building mental health
Waters, L., Algoe, S. B., Dutton, J., Emmons, R., Fredrickson, B. L., Heaphy, E., Moskowitz, J. T., Neff, K., Niemiec, R., Pury, C., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2021.1871945 · Cited by 377
“…(Warren et al., 2020) and those who have existing mental illness (Asmundson et al., 2020), has shown dramatical elevations in levels of mental illness and PTSD (Buheji et al., 2020; Eisma et al., 2021; Groenewold et al., 2020; Shreffler et al., 2020; Skoda et al., 2020; Vindegaard & Benros, 2020).”
BackgroundLong-term consequences of COVID-19: research needs
Yelin, D., Wirtheim, E., Vetter, P., Kalil, A. C., Bruchfeld, J., Runold, M., Guaraldi, G., Mussini, C., Gudiol, C., Pujol, M., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30701-5 · Cited by 316
Esterwood, E., & Saeed, S. A. (2020) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-020-09808-4 · Cited by 342
“Additionally, the neuropsychiatric impact of Covid-19 is still largely unexplored and research that evaluates the direct neuropsychiatric consequences will also be needed to improve treatment, mental health care planning and for preventive measures during potential subsequent pandemics [30].”
BackgroundAchterberg, M., Dobbelaar, S., Boer, O. D., & Crone, E. A. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-81720-8 · Cited by 309
Holman, E. A., Thompson, R. R., Garfin, D. R., & Silver, R. C. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abd5390 · Cited by 285
Dragioti, E., Li, H. J., Tsitsas, G. D., Lee, K. H., Choi, J., Kim, J., Choi, Y. J., Tsamakis, K., Estradé, A., Agorastos, A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.27549 · Cited by 316
“Previous evidence synthesis efforts were restricted to specific populations(20,21,22,25,28,29) or included mainly studies from Asia (almost 91%), with very few studies from other countries/continents.(9,10) Three previous meta‐analyses have pooled data on the prevalence of mental health outcomes in the general populat…”
BackgroundPuccinelli, P. J., da Costa, T. S., Seffrin, A., de Lira, C. A. B., Vancini, R. L., Nikolaidis, P. Τ., Knechtle, B., Rosemann, T. J., Hill, L., & Andrade, M. S. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10470-z · Cited by 296
Nikolaidis, A., Paksarian, D., Alexander, L. M., DeRosa, J., Dunn, J. A., Nielson, D. M., Droney, I., Kang, M., Douka, I., Bromet, E. J., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-87270-3 · Cited by 292
Stress and coping during COVID-19 pandemic: Result of an online survey
Kar, N., Kar, B., & Kar, S. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113598 · Cited by 320
“Similar observations have been reported in a few studies (Vindegaard and Benros, 2020) although the prevalence figures have varied widely.”
Home garden use during COVID-19: Associations with physical and mental wellbeing in older adults
Corley, J., Okely, J. A., Taylor, A. M., Page, D., Welstead, M., Skarabela, B., Redmond, P. H., Cox, S. R., & Russ, T. C. (2020) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101545 · Cited by 298
Kunzler, A. M., Röthke, N., Günthner, L., Stoffers-Winterling, J., Tüscher, O., Coenen, M., Rehfuess, E., Schwarzer, G., Binder, H., Schmucker, C., et al. (2021) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-021-00670-y · Cited by 262
“Various systematic reviews have synthesized the evidence on psychiatric symptoms associated with previous highly contagious infectious disease outbreaks (eg, Ebola, SARS-CoV) and the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic [20, 24, 29– 35], some of them also narratively summarizing risk and protective factors for mental health [20, 30, 3…”
BackgroundInfluentialLuijten, M. A. J., van Muilekom, M. M., Teela, L., Polderman, T. J. C., Terwee, C. B., Zijlmans, J., Klaufus, L. H., Popma, A., Oostrom, K. J., van Oers, H. A., et al. (2021) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-021-02861-x · Cited by 260
Mamun, M. A., Sakib, N., Gozal, D., Bhuiyan, A. K. M. I., Hossain, S., Bodrud-Doza, M., Al‐Mamun, F., Hosen, I., Safiq, M. B., Abdullah, A. H., et al. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.036 · Cited by 252
Symptoms in Health Care Workers during the COVID-19 Epidemic. A Cross-Sectional Survey
Magnavita, N., Tripepi, G. L., & Prinzio, R. R. D. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17145218 · Cited by 234
“Existing studies refer either to the disease induced by Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) in HCWs [13] or to psychological effects of previous viral epidemics [14] or current one [15,16], but there are no field studies describing the psychophysical state of HCWs during the acute phase of the…”
BackgroundOnline-Learning due to COVID-19 Improved Mental Health Among Medical Students
Bolatov, A. K., Seisembekov, T. Z., Askarova, A. Z., Baikanova, R. K., Smailova, D. S., & Fabbro, E. (2021) · Medical Science Educator · doi:10.1007/s40670-020-01165-y · Cited by 235
“information and knowledge about the pandemic, has created and exacerbated feelings of insecurity, depression, and anxiety [5].”
BackgroundImpact of COVID-19 on physical activity: A rapid review
Park, A. H., Zhong, S., Yang, H., Jeong, J., & Lee, C. (2022) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.12.05003 · Cited by 269
Manca, R., De Marco, M., & Venneri, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.585540 · Cited by 227
Qualitative study of the psychological experience of COVID-19 patients during hospitalization
Sun, N., Wei, L., Wang, H., Wang, X., Gao, M., Hu, X., & Shi, S. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.040 · Cited by 260
Liu, Y.-H., Chen, Y., Wang, Q.-H., Wang, L.-R., Jiang, L., Yang, Y., Chen, X., Li, Y., Cen, Y., Xu, C., et al. (2022) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.0461 · Cited by 225
Long‐COVID syndrome‐associated brain fog and chemofog: Luteolin to the rescue
Theoharides, T. C., Cholevas, C., Polyzoidis, K. S., & Politis, A. M. (2021) · BioFactors · doi:10.1002/biof.1726 · Cited by 227
Pakenham, K. I., Landi, G., Boccolini, G., Furlani, A., Grandi, S., & Tossani, E. (2020) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.07.003 · Cited by 210
McNicholas, F., Kelleher, I., Hedderman, E., Lynch, F., Healy, E., Thornton, T., Barry, E., Kelly, L. S., McDonald, J., Holmes, K., et al. (2021) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2021.48 · Cited by 209
Overview of SARS-CoV-2 infection in adults living with HIV
Ambrosioni, J., Blanco, J. L., Reyes‐Urueña, J., Davies, M., Sued, O. G., Marcos, M. Á., Martínez, E., Bertagnolio, S., Alcamí, J., Miró, J. M., et al. (2021) · The Lancet HIV · doi:10.1016/s2352-3018(21)00070-9 · Cited by 211
Matiz, A., Fabbro, F., Paschetto, A., Cantone, D., Paolone, A. R., & Crescentini, C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17186450 · Cited by 204
Alonso-Lana, S., Marquié, M., Ruiz, A., & Boada, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.588872 · Cited by 211
Xiang, M.-Q., Tan, X.-M., Sun, J., Yang, H.-Y., Zhao, X.-P., Liu, L., Hou, X., & Hu, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.582436 · Cited by 213
Chutiyami, M., Cheong, A. M. Y., Salihu, D., Bello, U. M., Ndwiga, D. W., Maharaj, R., Naidoo, K., Kolo, M. A., Jacob, P., Chhina, N., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.804525 · Cited by 206
“38 Vindegaard and Benros (63) 1 1 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 1 3”
InfluentialThe Disproportionate Burden of the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Pregnant Black Women
Gur, R. E., White, L. K., Waller, R. E., Barzilay, R., Moore, T. M., Kornfield, S. L., Njoroge, W., Duncan, A. F., Chaiyachati, B. H., Parish‐Morris, J., et al. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113475 · Cited by 205
Alonso, J., Vilagut, G., Mortier, P., Ferrer, M., Alayo, I., Peña, A. A., Aragonès, E., Campos, M., del Cura-González, I., Emparanza, J. I., et al. (2020) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.rpsm.2020.12.001 · Cited by 226
COVID‑19 and its consequences on mental health (Review)
Tsamakis, K., Tsiptsios, D., Ouranidis, A., Mueller, C., Schizas, D., Terniotis, C., Nikolakakis, N., Tyros, G., Kympouropoulos, S. P., Lazaris, A. C., et al. (2021) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2021.9675 · Cited by 215
de Erausquin, G. A., Snyder, H. M., Carrillo, M. C., Hosseini, A. A., Brugha, T. S., & Seshadri, S. S. (2021) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12255 · Cited by 204
Mohler‐Kuo, M., Dzemaili, S., Foster, S., Werlen, L., & Walitza, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094668 · Cited by 215
“However, whereas substantial research on the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on the mental health of adults has accumulated [5,8,9], less is known about its impact on children and adolescents [8,10].”
BackgroundBabicka-Wirkus, A., Wirkus, Ł., Stasiak, K., & Kozłowski, P. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255041 · Cited by 229
“The COVID-19 disease affects everyone, including students [14, 15], since even those who have not been infected are subject to various restrictions which many countries have implemented to limit the spread of the disease.”
BackgroundImpact of COVID-19 on Public Mental Health and the Buffering Effect of a Sense of Coherence
Schäfer, S. K., Sopp, M. R., Schanz, C. G., Staginnus, M., Göritz, A. S., & Michael, T. (2020) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000510752 · Cited by 192
The Well-being of children in lock-down: Physical, emotional, social and academic impact
Berasategi, N., Mondragón, N. I., Santamaría, M. D., & Munitis, A. E. (2021) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106085 · Cited by 198
Sallam, M., Dababseh, D., Yaseen, A. I. B., Al-Haidar, A., Taim, D., Eid, H., Ababneh, N. A., Bakri, F. G., & Mahafzah, A. M. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243264 · Cited by 183
“Such results are in line with recent research pointing to similar associations [7,34,56-58].”
ResultMagnavita, N., Chirico, F., Garbarino, S., Bragazzi, N. L., Santacroce, E., & Zaffina, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18084361 · Cited by 188
Worsening of Preexisting Psychiatric Conditions During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Płomecka, M. B., Gobbi, S., Neckels, R., Radziński, P., Skórko, B., Lazzeri, S., Almazidou, K., Dedić, A., Bakalović, A., Hrustić, L., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.581426 · Cited by 194
Liu, Z., Qiao, D., Xu, Y., Zhao, W., Yang, Y., Wen, D., Li, X., Nie, X., Dong, Y., Tang, S., et al. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/26883 · Cited by 169
“Moreover, evidence from epidemiological studies revealed the relationship between gender, age, education level, and severity of mental problems [24].”
Bartoszek, A., Walkowiak, D., Bartoszek, A., & Kardas, G. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17207417 · Cited by 175
“Moreover, many of these studies are focused on the mental health of healthcare workers [15], who are on the frontline of the pandemic, yet fewer studies are focused on those not involved in healthcare [16].”
BackgroundCOVID-19 vaccination for people with severe mental illness: why, what, and how?
Mazereel, V., Assche, K. V., Detraux, J., & Binder, M. D. (2021) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30564-2 · Cited by 181
Linardon, J., Messer, M., Rodgers, R. F., & Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz, M. (2021) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23640 · Cited by 167
“…measures have profoundly impacted employment, schooling, and the global economy (McKee & Stuckler, 2020), and have also adversely impacted the mental health of many individuals (Murphy, Markey, O'Donnell, Moloney, & Doody, 2021; Panchal et al., 2021; Vindegaard & Benros, 2020; Xiong et al., 2020).”
BackgroundResultPsychological distress in North America during COVID-19: The role of pandemic-related stressors
Zheng, J., Morstead, T., Sin, N. L., Klaiber, P., Umberson, D., Kamble, S. V., & DeLongis, A. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113687 · Cited by 177
Lopez, B. E., Kennedy, C. L., Field, C., & McPhearson, T. (2021) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127354 · Cited by 242
“Indeed, health professionals have warned that the pandemic and associated stress and isolation are creating a mental as well as a physical health crisis (Twenge and Joiner, 2020; Vindegaard and Benros, 2020).”
Cohort Profile: COVIDMENT: COVID-19 cohorts on mental health across six nations
Unnarsdóttir, A. B., Lovik, A., Fawns‐Ritchie, C., Ask, H., Kõiv, K., Hagen, K., Didriksen, M., Christoffersen, L. A. N., Garðarsson, A. B., McIntosh, A. M., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyab234 · Cited by 160
“Although a substantial number of studies on the mental health effects of COVID-19 has been published, the existing literature is largely limited by relatively small studies of convenience samples without pre-pandemic data, longitudinal data or cross-national comparisons.(3,4) Some,(5,6) but not all(7,8) studies have r…”
BackgroundKan, F. P., Raoofi, S., Rafiei, S., Khani, S., Hosseinifard, H., Tajik, F., Raoofi, N., Ahmadi, S., Aghalou, S., Torabi, F., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.073 · Cited by 174
Do we experience pandemic fatigue? current state, predictors, and prevention
Haktanır, A., Can, N., Seki, T., Kurnaz, M. F., & Dilmaç, B. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02397-w · Cited by 161
“…and obsessive-compulsive tendencies (Emir Öksüz et al., 2021; Tanhan, 2020), that they feel emotionally drained and unable to function efficiently (Vindegaard & Benros, 2020), and that * Abdulkadir Haktanir kadirhaktanir@gmail.com 1 Psychological Counseling and Guidance, Necmettin Erbakan…”
BackgroundMetaverse in Healthcare: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions
Musamih, A., Yaqoob, I., Salah, K., Jayaraman, R., Al-Hammadi, Y., Omar, M., & Ellahham, S. H. (2022) · IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine · doi:10.1109/mce.2022.3223522 · Cited by 153
Joensen, A., Danielsen, S., Andersen, P. K., Groot, J., & Strandberg‐Larsen, K. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.03.001 · Cited by 157
“…Varga et al., 2021; et al., 2021), but for individuals with a pre-existing mental disorder, the findings are mixed (B ¨ auerle et al., 2020; Daly et al., 2020; Kwong et al., 2020, 2021; Pan et al., 2020; Pinkham et al., 2020; Thygesen et al., 2021; Varga et al., 2021; Vindegaard and Benros, 2020).”
Occupational Stress and Mental Health among Anesthetists during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Magnavita, N., Soave, P. M., Ricciardi, W., & Antonelli, M. M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17218245 · Cited by 162
Could SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Be Responsible for Long-COVID Syndrome?
Theoharides, T. C. (2022) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-021-02696-0 · Cited by 156
van der Velden, P. G., Hyland, P., Contino, C., von Gaudecker, H., Muffels, R. J. A., & Das, M. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245057 · Cited by 163
“Several studies suggest that this pandemic increases the risk of mental health problems among the general population [6, 7].”
BackgroundFilgueira, T. O., Castoldi, Â., Santos, L. E. R., de Amorim, G. J., Fernandes, M. S. D. S., Anastácio, W. D. L. D. N., Campos, E. Z., Santos, T. M., & Souto, F. O. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.587146 · Cited by 163
Pandemics and pre-existing mental illness: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Neelam, K., Duddu, V., Anyim, N., Neelam, J., & Lewis, S. W. (2020) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100177 · Cited by 147
“Research suggests that the mental health impact is felt both during the pandemic and after it declines, and is commonly manifested as symptoms of stress, anxiety, fear, apprehension, excessive worry and depression (Rajkumar 2020; Vindegaard and Benros, 2020; Luo et al., 2020; Pappa et al., 2020).”
Suicide before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
Yan, Y., Hou, J., Li, Q., & Yu, N. X. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20043346 · Cited by 167
Hyperactivation of P2X7 receptors as a culprit of COVID-19 neuropathology
Ribeiro, D. E., Oliveira-Giacomelli, Á., Glaser, T., Arnaud-Sampaio, V. F., Andrejew, R., Dieckmann, L., Baranova, J., Lameu, C., Ratajczak, M. Z., & Ulrich, H. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-00965-3 · Cited by 145
Fukase, Y., Ichikura, K., Murase, H., & Tagaya, H. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03047-y · Cited by 148
COVID-19: Pulmonary and Extra Pulmonary Manifestations
Elrobaa, I. H., & New, K. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.711616 · Cited by 147
Psychological distress associated with the COVID-19 lockdown: A two-wave network analysis
Di Blasi, M., Gullo, S., Mancinelli, E., Freda, M. F., Esposito, G., Gelo, O. C. G., Lagetto, G., Giordano, C., Mazzeschi, C., Pazzagli, C., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.016 · Cited by 143
Ahrens, K. F., Neumann, R. J., Kollmann, B., Brokelmann, J., von Werthern, N. M., Malyshau, A., Weichert, D., Lutz, B., Fiebach, C. J., Wessa, M., et al. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01508-2 · Cited by 147
“Besides these cross-sectional findings, a recent review by Vindegaard and Benros [6] addressed longitudinal changes in the prevalence of mental health problems.”
BackgroundResultGreenwood, H., Krzyzaniak, N., Peiris, R., Clark, J., Scott, A. M., Cardona, M., Griffith, R., & Glasziou, P. (2022) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/31780 · Cited by 141
Sriharan, A., Ratnapalan, S., Tricco, A. C., Lupea, D., Ayala, A. P., Pang, H. Y. M., & Lee, D. D. (2020) · Frontiers in Global Women s Health · doi:10.3389/fgwh.2020.596690 · Cited by 149
The Impact of Long COVID-19 on Mental Health: Observational 6-Month Follow-Up Study
Houben‐Wilke, S., Goërtz, Y. M. J., Delbressine, J. M., Vaes, A. W., Meys, R., Machado, F. V. C., Herck, M. V., Burtin, C., Posthuma, R., Franssen, F. M. E., et al. (2022) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/33704 · Cited by 157
“Furthermore, lacking knowledge of the pandemic and less family support were associated with increased risk of depression or anxiety [37].”
BackgroundQuality of life of COVID 19 patients after discharge: Systematic review
Nandasena, H. M. R. K. G., Pathirathna, M. L., Atapattu, A. M. M. P., & Prasanga, P. T. S. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263941 · Cited by 137
Bemanian, M., Mæland, S., Blomhoff, R., Rabben, Å. K., Arnesen, E., Skogen, J. C., & Fadnes, L. T. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18010130 · Cited by 137
“symptoms among psychiatric patients and healthcare workers and lower psychological well-being in the general population amid the COVID-19 outbreak [3].”
BackgroundDepression and Anxiety During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Epidemiology, Mechanism, and Treatment
Zhu, C., Zhang, T., Li, Q., Chen, X., & Wang, K. (2022) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-022-00970-2 · Cited by 166
“The COVID-19 pandemic has placed tremendous mental health stress on people [83].”
BackgroundCelenay, S. T., Karaaslan, Y., Mete, O., & Kaya, D. Ö. (2020) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2020.1815759 · Cited by 139
Using Peer Support to Strengthen Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review
Suresh, R., Alam, A., & Karkossa, Z. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.714181 · Cited by 162
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicidal attempts and death rates: a systematic review
Pathirathna, M. L., Nandasena, H. M. R. K., Atapattu, A. M. M. P., & Weerasekara, I. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04158-w · Cited by 134
“The evidence on the mental health harms caused by the response to COVID-19 found to be overwhelming, and studies on the general public revealed lower psychological well-being and higher scores of anxiety and depression compared to before COVID-19 [10].”
ResultChen, S., Jones, P. B., Underwood, B. R., Moore, A., Bullmore, E. T., Banerjee, S., Osimo, E. F., Deakin, J. B., Hatfield, C. F., Thompson, F. J., et al. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.09.020 · Cited by 127
The disparate impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of female and male caregivers
Wade, M., Prime, H., Johnson, D., May, S. S., Jenkins, J. M., & Browne, D. T. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113801 · Cited by 131
“During COVID-19, reports of heightened adult mental health problems in the general public have been reported cross-nationally (Rajkumar, 2020; Serafini et al., 2020; Shi et al., 2020; Vindegaard and Benros, 2020; Xiong et al., 2020).”
BackgroundNeuropsychiatric aspects of long COVID : A comprehensive review
Kubota, T., Kuroda, N., & Sone, D. (2022) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13508 · Cited by 129
“A previous study showed that patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures had worsened seizures due to increased stress related to the pandemic, even among those who were not directly infected.99 An SR has shown that the indirect impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the general population’s mental health is substant…”
BackgroundInfluentialWork Stress Hampering Employee Performance During COVID-19: Is Safety Culture Needed?
Saleem, F., Malik, M. I., & Qureshi, S. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.655839 · Cited by 176
Impact of the COVID ‐19 pandemic – a mental health service perspective
Byrne, A., Barber, R., & Lim, C. H. (2021) · Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/pnp.708 · Cited by 131
Mental health in the post‐COVID‐19 era: challenges and the way forward
Vadivel, R., Shoib, S., Halabi, S. E., Hayek, S. E., Essam, L., Bytyçi, D. G., Karaliūnienė, R., Teixeira, A. L. S., Nagendrappa, S., Ramalho, R., et al. (2021) · General Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/gpsych-2020-100424 · Cited by 134
Metadata
- Authors
- Vindegaard, N., & Benros, M. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Benros, Michael Eriksen
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-10
- Volume
- 89
- Pages
- 531-542
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7260522
- OpenAlex
- W3030352285
- Semantic Scholar
- 8a38f13dce8d78d0fbc6d177afa5e432bf13e6f7
- Cited by
- 3,221
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 112 · 2025: 198 · 2024: 328 · 2023: 602 · 2022: 853 · 2021: 905 · 2020: 216
- FWCI
- 50.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Lundbeckfonden
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, mental health, psychiatric symptoms, posttraumatic stress symptoms, depression, anxiety, psychological distress, sleep quality, healthcare workers, psychological well-being, risk factors, gender differences
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, Psychological Distress, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Anxiety, Mental Disorders, Depression, Health Personnel, Humans, Mental Health, Pneumonia, Viral, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Coronavirus Infections, Disease Progression, Persons with Psychiatric Disorders, Pandemics
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