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Rat 22kHz ultrasonic vocalizations as alarm cries
Abstract
Rats incorporate circa 22kHz ultrasonic alarm cries into their defense pattern in response to a predator threat. These calls are dependent on conspecific presence, show gender differences, and tend to be emitted from a place of relative safety. Rats emit sonic defensive threat vocalizations when approached by a potential threat. These are emitted regardless of conspecific presence, and increase as a function of threat proximity, eventually culminating in defensive attack at close distances. Ample data from field studies suggest a similar division of vocalizations into alarm or warning cries, and defensive threat vocalizations, although both are often subsumed under the rubric of "alarm cries". A clear distinction between these types of calls is necessary for proper analysis of the evolutionary mechanisms responsible for the development and maintenance of each of them. Furthermore, the integration of data from field studies and laboratory experiments may prove useful in evaluation of the relationship between each type of cry and emotional (fear or anxiety-like) states in mammals.
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“Alarm calls are mostly used when a predator-prey distance is large or a rat is close to a cover or shelter.164”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [164]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Litvin, Y., Blanchard, D. C., & Blanchard, R. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
- Corresponding author
- Litvin, Yoav
- Venue
- Behavioural Brain Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-09
- Volume
- 182
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 166-172
- ISSN
- 0166-4328 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1969247680
- Cited by
- 242
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 1.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behavioural Brain Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Keywords
- predator threat, alarm calls, conspecific presence, sex differences, fear
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Animal, Emotions, Social Behavior, Ultrasonics, Vocalization, Animal, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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