Ultrasonic vocalizations as indices of affective states in rats
Abstract
Adult rats spontaneously vocalize in ultrasonic frequencies. Although these ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) have been described as by-products of locomotor activity or social signals, accumulating evidence suggests that they may also index anticipatory affective states. Converging ethological, pharmacological, and brain stimulation research indicates that whereas long low-frequency (> 0.3-s, approximately 22-kHz) USVs occur during anticipation of punishment or avoidance behavior, short, high-frequency (< 0.3-s, approximately 50-kHz) USVs typically occur during anticipation of reward or approach behavior. Thus, long 22-kHz USVs may index a state of negative activation, whereas short, 50-kHz USVs may instead index a state of positive activation. This hypothesis has theoretical implications for understanding the brain circuitry underlying mammalian affective states and clinical applicability for modeling hedonic properties of different psychotropic compounds.
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Vocalizations during play in rats have been proposed to represent accurate and measurable indicators of acute emotional state.
“Secondly, vocalizations during play in rats have been proposed to represent accurate and measurable indicators of acute emotional state (Burgdorf, Panksepp, & Moskal, 2011;Knutson, Burgdorf, & Panksepp, 2002).”
From Play in Rats: Association across Contexts and Types, and Analysis of Structure (2014) · cites this paper as Knutson, Burgdorf, & Panksepp, 2002
Microinjections of amphetamine into the medial shell, more readily than the core, elicit high frequency (around 50-Hz) ultrasonic vocalizations, which have been implicated in positive motivational states in rats.
“Microinjections of amphetamine into the medial shell, more readily than the core, elicit high frequency (around 50-Hz) ultrasonic vocalizations (Burgdorf et al., 2001; Thompson et al., 2006), which have been implicated in positive motivational states in rats (Knutson et al., 2002).”
From Dopamine reward circuitry: Two projection systems from the ventral midbrain to the nucleus accumbens–olfactory tubercle complex (2007) · cites this paper as Knutson et al., 2002
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“22 kHz calls are emitted in the face of threat stimuli and during avoidance behavior, while 50 kHz calls have been shown to be associated with high behavioral arousal and positive appetitive behavior (Knutson et al., 2002).”
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- Authors
- Knutson, B., Burgdorf, J., & Panksepp, J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Bowling Green State University (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2002-11
- Volume
- 128
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 961-977
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2093730749
- Cited by
- 618
- References
- 170
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 10.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5f31da014145-04)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA14145)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology › Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- ultrasonic vocalizations, affective states, rats, anticipatory behavior, reward anticipation, approach behavior, avoidance behavior, positive and negative affect, psychotropic drugs
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Animals, Ultrasonics, Vocalization, Animal, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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