Organ printing: Tissue spheroids as building blocks
Open accessAbstract
Organ printing can be defined as layer-by-layer additive robotic biofabrication of three-dimensional functional living macrotissues and organ constructs using tissue spheroids as building blocks. The microtissues and tissue spheroids are living materials with certain measurable, evolving and potentially controllable composition, material and biological properties. Closely placed tissue spheroids undergo tissue fusion - a process that represents a fundamental biological and biophysical principle of developmental biology-inspired directed tissue self-assembly. It is possible to engineer small segments of an intraorgan branched vascular tree by using solid and lumenized vascular tissue spheroids. Organ printing could dramatically enhance and transform the field of tissue engineering by enabling large-scale industrial robotic biofabrication of living human organ constructs with "built-in" perfusable intraorgan branched vascular tree. Thus, organ printing is a new emerging enabling technology paradigm which represents a developmental biology-inspired alternative to classic biodegradable solid scaffold-based approaches in tissue engineering.
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Bioassembly leverages the capacity of spheroids to fuse through liquid-like coalescence to minimize adhesive-free energy at the interface.
“This has motivated the development of biofabrication technologies tailored specifically for spheroids, often termed bioassembly, which leverages the capacity of spheroids to fuse through liquid-like coalescence to minimize adhesive-free energy at the interface26–28.”
From 3D bioprinting of high cell-density heterogeneous tissue models through spheroid fusion within self-healing hydrogels (2021) · cites this paper as [27]
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- Authors
- Mironov, V., Visconti, R. P., Kasyanov, V., Forgacs, G., Drake, C. J., & Markwald, R. R.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- Riga Stradiņš University (LV)
- Corresponding author
- Mironov, Vladimir
- Venue
- Biomaterials
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-04
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2164-2174
- ISSN
- 0142-9612 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3773699
- OpenAlex
- W1991073285
- Cited by
- 1,238
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 109 · 2020: 87 · 2019: 89 · 2018: 103 · 2017: 94 · 2016: 104 · 2015: 86 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 77 · 2012: 46
- FWCI
- 30.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Biomaterials (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- publication.editionName
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (P20-RR1-16434)
- National Center for Research Resources (P20-RR1-6461)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies
- Keywords
- organ printing, tissue spheroids, tissue fusion, scaffold-free tissue engineering
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Computer Simulation, Humans, Spheroids, Cellular, Prostheses and Implants, Tissue Engineering
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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