Unique electrophysiological and impedance signatures between encapsulation types: An analysis of biological Utah array failure and benefit of a biomimetic coating in a rat model
Open accessAbstract
Intracortical microelectrode arrays, especially the Utah array, remain the most common choice for obtaining high dimensional recordings of spiking neural activity for brain computer interface and basic neuroscience research. Despite the widespread use and established design, mechanical, material and biological challenges persist that contribute to a steady decline in recording performance (as evidenced by both diminished signal amplitude and recorded cell population over time) or outright array failure. Device implantation injury causes acute cell death and activation of inflammatory microglia and astrocytes that leads to a chronic neurodegeneration and inflammatory glial aggregation around the electrode shanks and often times fibrous tissue growth above the pia along the bed of the array within the meninges. This multifaceted deleterious cascade can result in substantial variability in performance even under the same experimental conditions. We track both impedance signatures and electrophysiological performance of 4 × 4 floating microelectrode Utah arrays implanted in the primary monocular visual cortex (V1m) of Long-Evans rats over a 12-week period. We employ a repeatable visual stimulation method to compare signal-to-noise ratio as well as single- and multi-unit yield from weekly recordings. To explain signal variability with biological response, we compare arrays categorized as either Type 1, partial fibrous encapsulation, or Type 2, complete fibrous encapsulation and demonstrate performance and impedance signatures unique to encapsulation type. We additionally assess benefits of a biomolecule coating intended to minimize distance to recordable units and observe a temporary improvement on multi-unit recording yield and single-unit amplitude.
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Compared with rigid electrodes based on silicon wafers and rigid packaging, flexible electrodes are more biocompatible and can adapt to complex tissue geometries.
“Compared to commercially available rigid electrodes based on silicon wafers and rigid packaging, flexible electrodes are also more biocompatible (details described in section 2) and can adapt to the complex tissue geometries of the human body,[293–295] such as sulci in the cerebral cortex,[296,297] bundled peripheral nerves,[298] and stretching motions on the skin.[299]”
From Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human–Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics (2022) · cites this paper as [293]
The Introduction says that subcellular electrode designs such as carbon fiber arrays reduce mechanical mismatch and inflammatory impact, which supports part of the biocompatibility rationale. It does not establish a comparison between flexible and rigid electrodes or say that flexible electrodes conform to complex tissue geometries. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)
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RETRACTED: Monolithic three-dimensional neural probes from deterministic rolling of soft electronicsPreprint
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- Authors
- Cody, P. A., Eles, J. R., Lagenaur, C. F., Kozai, T. D. Y., & Cui, X. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cui, X.Tracy
- Venue
- Biomaterials
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-04
- Volume
- 161
- Pages
- 117-128
- ISSN
- 0142-9612 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5817007
- OpenAlex
- W2792960666
- Cited by
- 87
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 11
- FWCI
- 4.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biomaterials (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH NINDS (R01NS094396, R01NS062019, R01NS089688)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design
- Keywords
- Utah array, intracortical microelectrode arrays, electrode encapsulation, fibrous encapsulation, biomimetic coatings, electrode impedance, chronic neurodegeneration, glial response, primary visual cortex, signal-to-noise ratio, brain-computer interface, rat model
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Microelectrodes, Electric Impedance, Biomimetics, Rats, Electrophysiological Phenomena
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