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Photodynamic therapy – mechanisms, photosensitizers and combinations
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a modern and non-invasive form of therapy, used in the treatment of non-oncological diseases as well as cancers of various types and locations. It is based on the local or systemic application of a photosensitive compound - the photosensitizer, which is accumulated in pathological tissues. The photosensitizer molecules absorb the light of the appropriate wavelength, initiating the activation processes leading to the selective destruction of the inappropriate cells. The photocytotoxic reactions occur only within the pathological tissues, in the area of photosensitizer distribution, enabling selective destruction. Over the last decade, a significant acceleration in the development of nanotechnology has been observed. The combination of photosensitizers with nanomaterials can improve the photodynamic therapy efficiency and eliminate its side effects as well. The use of nanoparticles enables achievement a targeted method which is focused on specific receptors, and, as a result, increases the selectivity of the photodynamic therapy. The object of this review is the anticancer application of PDT, its advantages and possible modifications to potentiate its effects.
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“PDT can produce ROS that induce tumor cell death by stimulating photosensitizers with specific wavelengths of therapeutic light [101–103].”
From Nanosensitizer-assisted sonodynamic therapy for breast cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [101]
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“A decisive element of PDT therapy is the choice of an appropriate photosensitiser [38].”
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“The correct wavelength and intensity of light can trigger photochemical and photophysical events inside the microbial cell by activating these PS molecules [30, 31].”
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Electrospun nanofibers-derived functional scaffolds for cancer therapy
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A Comprehensive Review of Various Therapeutic Strategies for the Management of Skin Cancer
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Photodynamic therapy and associated targeting methods for treatment of brain cancer
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“These compounds are activated at a wavelength >600nm, show greater efficiency in the formation of singlet oxygen and seem to be more effective (Kwiatkowski et al., 2018).”
BackgroundMicrobial‐Enabled Photosynthetic Oxygenation for Disease Treatment
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Photodynamic Therapeutic Effect of Nanostructured Metal Sulfide Photosensitizers on Cancer Treatment
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“The application of PSs for PDT is heavily dependent on aqueous stability, and the past decade has seen many efforts directed towards developing stable formulations of such molecules in water [2].”
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Antimicrobial and antimycotic photodynamic therapy (review of literature)
Semyonov, D., Vasil'ev, Y., Dydykin, S., Stranadko, E. F., Shubin, V., Bogomazov, Y., Morokhotov, V., Shcherbyuk, A., Morozov, S., & Zakharov, Y. I. (2021) · Biomedical Photonics · doi:10.24931/2413-9432-2021-10-1-25-31 · Cited by 23
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Effect of berberine nanoemulsion Photodynamic therapy on cervical carcinoma cell line
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Near-infrared photothermal liposomal nanoantagonists for amplified cancer photodynamic therapy.
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Development of photodynamic therapy in treating oral diseases
Wang, L., Chen, Q., & Liu, D. (2025) · Frontiers in Oral Health · doi:10.3389/froh.2024.1506407 · Cited by 21
Merlin, J. P. J., Crous, A., & Abrahamse, H. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms251910796 · Cited by 25
“Through the following pathways, this initial ROS synthesis can encourage the generation of further ROS by cells. causes cancer This process sets off a series of events that causes oxidative stress and ultimately causes cancer cells to die [25]. cells to die [25].”
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“In contrast, MNPs can be prepared using a simple and straightforward process, making them more suitable for safe and effective imaging-guided therapy 125,126 (Table 8).”
BackgroundKuzmina, N. S., Fedotova, E. A., Jankovic, P., Gribova, G. P., Nyuchev, A. V., Fedorov, A. Y., & Otvagin, V. F. (2024) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics16040479 · Cited by 30
“…most important property is the ability to absorb light of a speci fi c wavelength, thereby initiating photochemical reactions with molecular oxygen [8]. earlier, photosensitizers play a crucial role in the mechanism of PDT. important property is the ability to absorb light of a specific…”
BackgroundInfluentialCurrent Photodynamic Therapy for Glioma Treatment: An Update
Aebisher, D., Przygórzewska, A., Myśliwiec, A., Dynarowicz, K., Krupka‐Olek, M., Bożek, A., Kawczyk‐Krupka, A., & Bartusik‐Aebisher, D. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12020375 · Cited by 26
“…two patients experienced skin photosensitivity due to lack of light protection, two patients experienced cerebral edema after PDT, one patient experienced skin necrosis and cerebrospinal fluid leakage, and in one patient the balloon diffuser ruptured due to poor catheter attachment [124,170].”
BackgroundClinical PDT dose dosimetry for pleural Photofrin-mediated photodynamic therapy
Sun, H., Ong, Y. H., Yang, W., Sourvanos, D., Dimofte, A., Busch, T. M., Singhal, S. K., Cengel, K. A., & Zhu, T. C. (2024) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.29.1.018001 · Cited by 26
Research Progress of Natural Product Photosensitizers in Photodynamic Therapy
Zhou, X., Ying, X., Wu, L., Liu, L., Wang, Y., He, Y., & Han, M. Y. (2024) · Planta Medica · doi:10.1055/a-2257-9194 · Cited by 20
“Chemical modification of third-generation photosensitizers through combination with different factors or groups improves their targeting, water solubility, aggregation, and utilization, while reducing accidental injury to normal skin [29,82].”
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The “Light Knife” for Gastric Cancer: Photodynamic Therapy
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“The PS molecules absorb light of appropriate wavelengths and initiate photochemical reactions to destroy cells [30].”
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“A photosensitizer (PS) agent is one of the key components in TPDT as it is the only component that can be excited to generate ROS or cytotoxic singlet oxygen during therapy (Kwiatkowski et al., 2018).”
BackgroundPhotodynamic therapy in the treatment of rosacea: a systematic review.
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Nanoparticle enhanced blue light therapy
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NIR Photosensitizer for Two-Photon Fluorescent Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy of Tumor
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“Recently, photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a noninvasive treatment procedure has attracted enormous attention due to its selective destroy of local lesions (Dai et al., 2019; Li et al., 2016; Kwiatkowski et al., 2018).”
BackgroundPhoto‐responsive nanozymes: Mechanism, activity regulation, and biomedical applications
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“A critical determinant of PDT efficacy is the nature and performance of the photosen-sitizer [8].”
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“This energy transfer to oxygen and the generation of free radicals serves as crucial elements in achieving therapeutic effects [1].”
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“These reactive species have high oxidizing power and can damage proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and other molecules present in cells, resulting in cellular death by necrosis or apoptosis [39].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Kwiatkowski, S., Knap, B., Przystupski, D., Saczko, J., Kędzierska, E., Knap-Czop, K., Kotlińska, J., Michel, O., Kotowski, K., & Kulbacka, J.
- Affiliations
- Wroclaw Medical University (PL)
- Medical University of Lublin (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Kulbacka, Julita
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-10
- Volume
- 106
- Pages
- 1098-1107
- ISSN
- 0753-3322 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2884145325
- Cited by
- 2,173
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 192 · 2025: 360 · 2024: 404 · 2023: 362 · 2022: 340 · 2021: 272 · 2020: 174 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 7
- FWCI
- 22.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Piastów Slaskich we Wroclawiu
- Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie
- Servier
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Photodynamic Therapy Research Studies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Porphyrin and Phthalocyanine Chemistry
- Keywords
- photodynamic therapy, photosensitizers, photocytotoxicity, targeted drug delivery, nanoparticles, nanomaterials, combination therapy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Drug Carriers, Humans, Neoplasms, Photochemotherapy, Drug Delivery Systems, Photosensitizing Agents, Nanomedicine, Electrochemotherapy, Nanoparticles
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