The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Photodynamic therapy – mechanisms, photosensitizers and combinations
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a modern and non-invasive form of therapy, used in the treatment of non-oncological diseases as well as cancers of various types and locations. It is based on the local or systemic application of a photosensitive compound - the photosensitizer, which is accumulated in pathological tissues. The photosensitizer molecules absorb the light of the appropriate wavelength, initiating the activation processes leading to the selective destruction of the inappropriate cells. The photocytotoxic reactions occur only within the pathological tissues, in the area of photosensitizer distribution, enabling selective destruction. Over the last decade, a significant acceleration in the development of nanotechnology has been observed. The combination of photosensitizers with nanomaterials can improve the photodynamic therapy efficiency and eliminate its side effects as well. The use of nanoparticles enables achievement a targeted method which is focused on specific receptors, and, as a result, increases the selectivity of the photodynamic therapy. The object of this review is the anticancer application of PDT, its advantages and possible modifications to potentiate its effects.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“PDT can produce ROS that induce tumor cell death by stimulating photosensitizers with specific wavelengths of therapeutic light [101–103].”
From Nanosensitizer-assisted sonodynamic therapy for breast cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [101]
Citations
Cites
No references could be resolved yet.
Research works printed but not linked: 82
- Luo, 2017, Chemophototherapy: an emerging treatment option for solid tumors, Adv. Sci., 4, 1600106, 10.1002/advs.201600106 · DOI
- Kharkwal, 2011, Photodynamic therapy for infections: clinical applications, Lasers Surg. Med., 43, 755, 10.1002/lsm.21080 · DOI
- Sperandio, 2013, Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy to kill Gram-negative bacteria, Recent Pat. Antiinfect. Drug Discov., 8, 108, 10.2174/1574891X113089990012 · DOI
- Schmitt, 2012, Drug targeting strategies for photodynamic therapy, Anticancer Agents Med. Chem., 12, 500, 10.2174/187152012800617830 · DOI
- Allison, 2013, Photodynamic therapy (PDT): PDT mechanisms, Clin. Endosc., 46, 24, 10.5946/ce.2013.46.1.24 · DOI
- Robertson, 2009, Photodynamic therapy (PDT): A short review on cellular mechanisms and cancer research applications for PDT, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol., 96, 1, 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.04.001 · DOI
- Castano, 2005, Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: part two—cellular signaling, cell metabolism and modes of cell death, Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther., 2, 1, 10.1016/S1572-1000(05)00030-X · DOI
- Nowak-Stepniowska, 2013, [Photodynamic method of cancer diagnosis and therapy--mechanisms and applications], Postepy Biochem., 59, 53
- Luksiene, 2003, Photodynamic therapy: mechanism of action and ways to improve the efficiency of treatment, Med. (Kaunas), 39, 1137
- Juzeniene, 2007, The history of PDT in Norway, Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther., 4, 3, 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2006.11.002 · DOI
- Fonseca, 2006, Triplet-state and singlet oxygen formation in fluorene-based alternating copolymers, J. Phys. Chem. B, 110, 8278, 10.1021/jp060251f · DOI
- Kessel, 2010, Photodynamic therapy and cell death pathways, 35, 10.1007/978-1-60761-697-9_3 · DOI
- Plaetzer, 2003, The modes of cell death induced by PDT: an overview, Med. Laser Appl., 18, 7, 10.1078/1615-1615-00082 · DOI
- Buytaert, 2007, Molecular effectors of multiple cell death pathways initiated by photodynamic therapy, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer., 1776, 86, 10.1016/j.bbcan.2007.07.001 · DOI
- Mehraban, 2015, Developments in PDT sensitizers for increased selectivity and singlet oxygen production, Mater. (Basel Switz.), 8, 4421, 10.3390/ma8074421 · DOI
- Vrouenraets, 2003, Basic principles, applications in oncology and improved selectivity of photodynamic therapy, Anticancer Res., 23, 505
- Cruz, 2013, The role of cholesterol metabolism and cholesterol transport in carcinogenesis: a review of scientific findings, relevant to future cancer therapeutics, Front. Pharmacol., 4, 119, 10.3389/fphar.2013.00119 · DOI
- Hamblin, 1994, Photosensitizer targeting in photodynamic therapy. II. Conjugates of haematoporphyrin with serum lipoproteins, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B., 26, 147, 10.1016/1011-1344(94)07036-9 · DOI
- Castano, 2005, Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: Part three—Photosensitizer pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, tumor localization and modes of tumor destruction, Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther., 2, 91, 10.1016/S1572-1000(05)00060-8 · DOI
- Huang, 2008, Photodynamic therapy for treatment of solid tumors--potential and technical challenges, Technol. Cancer Res. Treat., 7, 309, 10.1177/153303460800700405 · DOI
- Krammer, 2001, Vascular effects of photodynamic therapy, Anticancer Res., 21, 4271
- Reginato, 2014, Immune response after photodynamic therapy increases anti-cancer and anti-bacterial effects, World J. Immunol., 4, 1, 10.5411/wji.v4.i1.1 · DOI
- Castano, 2006, Photodynamic therapy and anti-tumour immunity, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 6, 535, 10.1038/nrc1894 · DOI
- Agostinis, 2011, Photodynamic therapy of cancer: an update, CA Cancer J. Clin., 61, 250, 10.3322/caac.20114 · DOI · Paper page
- Kou, 2017, Porphyrin photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy and its applications, Oncotarget, 8, 81591, 10.18632/oncotarget.20189 · DOI
- Nyman, 2004, Research advances in the use of tetrapyrrolic photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 73, 1, 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2003.10.002 · DOI
- Fornalski, 2006, Photodynamic therapy mechanism of action and adhibition in dermatology, Nowa Med., 4, 71
- Allison, 2010, Oncologic photodynamic therapy photosensitizers: A clinical review, Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther., 7, 61, 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2010.02.001 · DOI
- Taub, 2004, Photodynamic therapy in dermatology: history and horizons, J. Drugs Dermatol., 3, S8
- Abrahamse, 2016, New photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy, Biochem. J., 473, 347, 10.1042/BJ20150942 · DOI
- Zhang, 2018, An updated overview on the development of new photosensitizers for anticancer photodynamic therapy, Acta Pharm. Sin. B, 8, 137, 10.1016/j.apsb.2017.09.003 · DOI
- Chatterjee, 2008, Nanoparticles in photodynamic therapy: an emerging paradigm, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 60, 1627, 10.1016/j.addr.2008.08.003 · DOI
- Yoon, 2013, Advance in photosensitizers and light delivery for photodynamic therapy, Clin. Endosc., 46, 7, 10.5946/ce.2013.46.1.7 · DOI
- Moriwaki, 2018, Synthesis and photophysical properties of S -Mannosylated chlorins and their effect on photocytotoxicity in HeLa cells, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 91, 230, 10.1246/bcsj.20170271 · DOI
- De Rosa, 2000, Photodynamic therapy of skin cancers: sensitizers, clinical studies and future directives, Pharm. Res., 17, 1447, 10.1023/A:1007612905378 · DOI
- Morton, 2002, The emerging role of 5-ALA-PDT in dermatology: is PDT superior to standard treatments?, J. Dermatol. Treat., 13, s25, 10.1080/095466302317414672 · DOI
- Josefsen, 2008, Photodynamic therapy: novel third-generation photosensitizers one step closer?, Br. J. Pharmacol., 154, 1, 10.1038/bjp.2008.98 · DOI
- Kataoka, 2017, New photodynamic therapy with next-generation photosensitizers, Ann. Transl. Med., 5, 183, 10.21037/atm.2017.03.59 · DOI
- Savellano, 2003, Targeting cells that overexpress the epidermal growth factor receptor with polyethylene glycolated BPD verteporfin photosensitizer immunoconjugates, Photochem. Photobiol., 77, 431, 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)077<0431:TCTOTE>2.0.CO;2 · DOI
- Shi, 2017, Cancer nanomedicine: progress, challenges and opportunities, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 17, 20, 10.1038/nrc.2016.108 · DOI · Paper page
- Ariga, 2011, Layer-by-layer self-assembled shells for drug delivery, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 63, 762, 10.1016/j.addr.2011.03.016 · DOI
- Nakamura, 2017, Significance of optimization of phospholipid poly(Ethylene glycol) quantity for coating carbon nanohorns to achieve low cytotoxicity, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 90, 662, 10.1246/bcsj.20170003 · DOI
- Hamblin, 2015, Nanotechnology for photodynamic therapy: a perspective from the laboratory of Dr. Michael R. Hamblin in the Wellman Center for Photomedicine at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Nanotechnol. Rev., 4, 359, 10.1515/ntrev-2015-0027 · DOI
- Lee, 2011, Polymeric nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy, 151, 10.1007/978-1-61779-052-2_11 · DOI
- Hong, 2016, Targeted and effective photodynamic therapy for cancer using functionalized nanomaterials, Acta Pharm. Sin. B, 6, 297, 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.01.007 · DOI
- Hao, 2017, Multifunctional nanoplatform for enhanced photodynamic cancer therapy and magnetic resonance imaging, Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces, 151, 384, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.10.039 · DOI
- Rong, 2014, Photosensitizer Loaded Nano-Graphene for Multimodality Imaging Guided Tumor Photodynamic Therapy, Theranostics, 4, 229, 10.7150/thno.8070 · DOI
- Ding, 2011, Photoactivation switch from type II to type I reactions by electron-rich micelles for improved photodynamic therapy of cancer cells under hypoxia, J. Control. Release, 156, 276, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.08.019 · DOI
- Avci, 2014, Photodynamic therapy: one step ahead with self-assembled nanoparticles, J. Biomed. Nanotechnol., 10, 1937, 10.1166/jbn.2014.1953 · DOI
- Zeisser-Labouèbe, 2006, Hypericin-loaded nanoparticles for the photodynamic treatment of ovarian cancer, Int. J. Pharm., 326, 174, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.07.012 · DOI
- Wang, 2011, Novel methods to incorporate photosensitizers into nanocarriers for cancer treatment by photodynamic therapy, Lasers Surg. Med., 43, 686, 10.1002/lsm.21113 · DOI
- Qin, 2011, Methylene blue covalently loaded polyacrylamide nanoparticles for enhanced tumor-targeted photodynamic therapy, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 10, 832, 10.1039/c1pp05022b · DOI
- Tang, 2008, Encapsulation of methylene blue in polyacrylamide nanoparticle platforms protects its photodynamic effectiveness, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 369, 579, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.02.066 · DOI
- Kuruppuarachchi, 2011, Polyacrylamide nanoparticles as a delivery system in photodynamic therapy, Mol. Pharm., 8, 920, 10.1021/mp200023y · DOI
- Tang, 2005, Photodynamic characterization and in vitro application of methylene blue-containing nanoparticle platforms, Photochem. Photobiol., 81, 242
- Kopecek, 2010, HPMA copolymers: origins, early developments, present, and future, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 62, 122, 10.1016/j.addr.2009.10.004 · DOI
- Yang, 2015, Gold nanoparticle-enhanced photodynamic therapy: effects of surface charge and mitochondrial targeting, Ther. Deliv., 6, 307, 10.4155/tde.14.115 · DOI
- Meyers, 2015, Peptide-targeted gold nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy of brain Cancer, Part. Part. Syst. Charact., 32, 448, 10.1002/ppsc.201400119 · DOI
- Xiao, 2011, Porous silicon nanoparticle photosensitizers for singlet oxygen and their phototoxicity against cancer cells, ACS Nano, 5, 3651, 10.1021/nn1035262 · DOI
- Komiyama, 2017, Chemistry can make strict and fuzzy controls for bio-systems: DNA nanoarchitectonics and cell-macromolecular nanoarchitectonics, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 90, 967, 10.1246/bcsj.20170156 · DOI
- Zhang, 2007, Versatile photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy at infrared excitation, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 129, 4526, 10.1021/ja0700707 · DOI
- Choromańska, 2013, Photodynamic therapy – principles, mechanism, clinical applications, Nowa Med., 1, 26
- I. Cozzani, G. Jori, G. Bertoloni, C. Milanesi, P. Carlini, T. Sicuro, A. Ruschi, Efficient photosensitization of malignant human cells in vitro by liposome-bound porphyrins., Chem. Biol. Interact. 53 (n.d.) 131–143 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3995649. · DOI
- Konan, 2002, State of the art in the delivery of photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 66, 89, 10.1016/S1011-1344(01)00267-6 · DOI
- Paszko, 2011, Nanodrug applications in photodynamic therapy, Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther., 8, 14, 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2010.12.001 · DOI
- Chen, 2005, Liposomal delivery of photosensitising agents, Expert Opin. Drug Deliv., 2, 477, 10.1517/17425247.2.3.477 · DOI
- Polo, 2002, Low-density lipoprotein receptors in the uptake of tumour photosensitizers by human and rat transformed fibroblasts, Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 34, 10, 10.1016/S1357-2725(01)00092-9 · DOI
- Mazière, 1991, The role of the low density lipoprotein receptor pathway in the delivery of lipophilic photosensitizers in the photodynamic therapy of tumours, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 8, 351, 10.1016/1011-1344(91)80111-T · DOI
- Luiza Andreazza, 2016, Int. J. Pharm., 510, 240, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.06.009 · DOI
- Gehl, 2003, Electroporation: theory and methods, perspectives for drug delivery, gene therapy and research, Acta Physiol. Scand., 177, 437, 10.1046/j.1365-201X.2003.01093.x · DOI
- Potter, 2003, Transfection by electroporation, Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol.
- Reigada, 2014, Electroporation of heterogeneous lipid membranes, Biochim. Biophys. Acta - Biomembr., 1838, 814, 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.10.008 · DOI
- Cadossi, 2014, Locally enhanced chemotherapy by electroporation: clinical experiences and perspective of use of electrochemotherapy, Future Oncol., 10, 877, 10.2217/fon.13.235 · DOI
- Labanauskiene, 2009, Enhancement of photodynamic tumor therapy effectiveness by electroporation in vitro, Med. (Kaunas), 45, 372
- Kulbacka, 2011, The influence of electroporation on in vitro photodynamic therapy of human breast carcinoma cells, Folia Biol. (Praha), 57, 112, 10.14712/fb2011057030112 · DOI
- Kulbacka, 2015, Nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) impact and enhanced Photofrin II® delivery in photodynamic reaction in cancer and normal cells, Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther., 12, 621, 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.11.002 · DOI
- Wezgowiec, 2013, Electric field-assisted delivery of photofrin to human breast carcinoma cells, J. Membr. Biol., 246, 725, 10.1007/s00232-013-9533-z · DOI
- Choromanska, 2015, Effects of electrophotodynamic therapy in vitro on human melanoma cells – melanotic (MeWo) and amelanotic (C32), Melanoma Res., 25, 210, 10.1097/CMR.0000000000000153 · DOI
- Kulbacka, 2016, Electroporation and lipid nanoparticles with cyanine IR-780 and flavonoids as efficient vectors to enhanced drug delivery in colon cancer, Bioelectrochemistry, 110, 19, 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2016.02.013 · DOI
- Zielichowska, 2015, The photodynamic effect of far-red range phthalocyanines (AlPc and Pc green) supported by electropermeabilization in human gastric adenocarcinoma cells of sensitive and resistant type, Biomed. Pharmacother., 69, 145, 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.11.017 · DOI
- Weżgowiec, 2018, Biological effects in photodynamic treatment combined with electropermeabilization in wild and drug resistant breast cancer cells, Bioelectrochemistry, 123, 9, 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2018.04.008 · DOI
- Wallace, 2009, Tolerability of two sequential electroporation treatments using MedPulser DNA delivery system (DDS) in healthy adults, Mol. Ther., 17, 922, 10.1038/mt.2009.27 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 1,000
Yuksel, F., & Demir, S. (2022) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4281986 · Cited by 14
Ponte, F., Scopelliti, D. M., Sanna, N., Sicilia, E., & Mazzone, G. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27175635 · Cited by 14
“The PS, when localised in cancer cells, is excited from the ground state to an exited singlet state, by irradiation with a laser light of wavelength comprised in the range 600–850 nm [3,4], also known as the therapeutic window.”
BackgroundAl‐Kheraif, A. A., Alshahrani, O. A., Al‐Shehri, A. M., & Khan, A. A. (2022) · Photodermatology Photoimmunology & Photomedicine · doi:10.1111/phpp.12816 · Cited by 14
Smart nanocomposite assemblies for multimodal cancer theranostics
Patel, M., & Prabhu, A. (2022) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121697 · Cited by 18
Tian, W., Wang, S., Tian, Y., Su, X.-D., Sun, H.-Y., Tang, Y.-X., Lu, G., Liu, S., & Shi, H. (2021) · Journal of Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2021.11.107 · Cited by 14
Crous, A., & Abrahamse, H. (2021) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.210148 · Cited by 18
“Despite PDT achieving high success rates in treating various cancers, researchers are investigating the improvement of PDT by enhancing its selectivity and effectiveness by developing new PS compounds and improving PS delivery methods [14].”
BackgroundMao, Y., Qamar, M., Qamar, S. A., Khan, M. I., Bilal, M., & Iqbal, H. M. N. (2021) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102681 · Cited by 17
Conway-Kenny, R., Ferrer-Ugalde, A., Careta, O., Cui, X.-N., Zhao, J.-Z., Nogués, C., Núñez, R., Cabrera-González, J., & Draper, S. M. (2021) · Biomaterials Science · doi:10.1039/d1bm00730k · Cited by 14
Chen, Y.-A., Li, J.-J., Lin, S.-L., Lu, C.-H., Chiu, S., Jeng, F.-S., Chang, C.-W., Yang, B.-H., Chang, M., Ke, C.-C., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22094934 · Cited by 14
“Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive form of therapy that has been clinically approved for treating non-oncological diseases as well as various types of cancers at the early stage [1,2].”
BackgroundWang, T., Wu, L.-F., Wang, Y.-Z., Song, J.-R., Zhang, F., & Zhu, X.-L. (2021) · Drug Delivery and Translational Research · doi:10.1007/s13346-021-00942-5 · Cited by 14
Electron transfer reactions in rhodamine: Potential use in photodynamic therapy
Jiménez-Mancilla, N., Aranda-Lara, L., Morales-Ávila, E., Camacho-López, M., Ocampo-García, B., Torres-García, E., Estrada-Guadarrama, J. A., Santos-Cuevas, C., & Isaac-Olivé, K. (2021) · doi:10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113131 · Cited by 14
Varvuolytė, G., Malina, L., Bieliauskas, A., Hošíková, B., Simerská, H., Kolářová, H., Kleizienė, N., Kryštof, V., Šačkus, A., & Žukauskaitė, A. (2020) · Dyes and Pigments · doi:10.1016/j.dyepig.2020.108666 · Cited by 16
Wu, R. W. K., Chu, E., Yuen, J., & Huang, Z. (2020) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology. B: Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111987 · Cited by 14
Liu, Z.-Y., Zhang, J., Sun, Y.-M., Zhu, C., Lu, Y., Wu, J.-Z., Li, J., Liu, H.-Y., & Ye, Y. (2019) · Journal of materials chemistry. B · doi:10.1039/c9tb02103e · Cited by 14
Advancing biocompatible metal-organic frameworks in personalized biomedical applications
Yu, Z., Chivu, A., Dai, J., Patra, H. K., Zou, J., & Hu, Z. (2025) · Coordination Chemistry Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2025.217262 · Cited by 18
Torna, S., Gkretsi, V., & Stylianou, A. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26178588 · Cited by 16
“One of the major disadvantages of second-generation PSs, however, is their low water solubility, which severely restricts their intravenous administration, presenting several challenges [16].”
Işık, Ş., Ozcesmeci, M., Burat, A. K., Hamuryudan, E., Erdoğmuş, A., Can, O., & Serhatli, M. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-09630-7 · Cited by 13
Photodynamic therapy-induced inflammation and adverse effects: An updated review
Moloudi, K., Abrahamse, H., & George, B. P. A. (2025) · Biomedical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bj.2025.100889 · Cited by 11
“However, by understanding the principle of PDT and its effective elements including biological, physical and chemical parameters, medical professionals can provide a better care to the patients [28,43,44].”
The physicochemical and biochemical mechanisms of porphyrinoid-mediated radiodynamic therapy
Leo, S., Gutierrez, N. M. C., Bulin, A., Coll, J., Sancey, L., Habermeyer, B., & Broekgaarden, M. (2025) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2025.117861 · Cited by 13
Peptide-based co-assembling materials: Bridging fundamental science and versatile applications
Su, X., Yang, B., Chen, L., Liu, Q., Liu, A.-F., Tan, M.-L., & Ji, W. (2025) · Progress in Materials Science · doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101500 · Cited by 13
RetractedWang, J., Wang, H., Zou, F., Gu, J., Deng, S., Cao, Y., & Cai, K. (2025) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics17040409 · Cited by 16
“Recent advancements in photosensitizers and light source technology have enhanced PDT’s targeting capabilities and therapeutic efficiency in the precision treatment of colorectal cancer [277].”
Nanoparticles improved pheophorbide-a mediated photodynamic therapy for cancer
Fakudze, N., Abrahamse, H., & George, B. P. A. (2025) · Lasers in Medical Science · doi:10.1007/s10103-025-04320-2 · Cited by 13
Tian, M., Dong, B., Li, W., Wang, L., & Yu, H. (2024) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics16101339 · Cited by 21
Recent development of nanomaterials-based PDT to improve immunogenic cell death
Ain, Q. T. (2024) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43630-024-00638-y · Cited by 14
“PDT mainly employs the “phototherapeutic window,” which is located in this area [35, 36].”
Wolf, I., Storz, J., Schultze-Seemann, S., Esser, P. R., Martin, S. F., Lauw, S., Fischer, P., Peschers, M., Melchinger, W., Zeiser, R., et al. (2024) · Bioactive Materials · doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.07.025 · Cited by 8
“Fluorescent dyes are used as PS in the medical field for the fluorescence-based detection and photodynamic therapy (PDT) of chronic inflammation, drug-resistant bacterial infections or oncological diseases of various types and locations [2].”
MethodNemakhavhani, L., Abrahamse, H., & Kumar, S. S. D. (2024) · Artificial Cells Nanomedicine and Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/21691401.2024.2368033 · Cited by 17
“As a result, the cell can respond to PDT in a variety of biological ways, including necrosis, autophagy and apoptosis [108,109].”
Mesoporous silica coated spicules for photodynamic therapy of metastatic melanoma
Liang, X., Zhang, J.-L., Zhang, C., Zhai, H., Yang, P., & Chen, M. (2024) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-024-02471-y · Cited by 13
“…PSs, such as Temoporfin (m-THPC) or Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), generally show greater incorporation into tumor cells with better PDT effects [27], they tend to accumulate in the stratum corneum and hardly diffuse into deep skin layers [18] even with the enhanced topical delivery using…”
BackgroundMusso, G., Pinach, S., Saba, F., Michieli, F. D., Cassader, M., & Gambino, R. (2024) · Med · doi:10.1016/j.medj.2024.03.014 · Cited by 12
Photodynamic Therapy and Cardiovascular Diseases
OSKROBA, A., Bartusik‐Aebisher, D., Myśliwiec, A., Dynarowicz, K., Cieślar, G., Kawczyk‐Krupka, A., & Aebisher, D. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25052974 · Cited by 17
Nanoparticles as carriers of photosensitizers to improve photodynamic therapy in cancer
Truong, D. H., Tran, T. T. P., & Tran, T. H. (2024) · Pharmaceutical Development and Technology · doi:10.1080/10837450.2024.2322570 · Cited by 18
“In contrast to traditional cancer therapies, PDT possesses several advantages, including selective tumor targeting, low resistance rates and minimal invasiveness (Kwiatkowski et al. 2018; Chen et al. 2020; Niculescu and Grumezescu 2021).”
BackgroundRecent advances on the photo-chemotherapeutic potential of manganese carbonyl complexes
Bag, G., Musib, D., Raza, M. K., Castonguay, A., & Roy, M. (2024) · Polyhedron · doi:10.1016/j.poly.2023.116778 · Cited by 13
Parella, C., Blanquer, A., Sinha, S., Hümpfner, E., Hernando, J., Mora, E., Fontrodona, X., Kelemen, Z., Nogués, C., Núñez, R., et al. (2024) · Dyes and pigments · doi:10.1016/j.dyepig.2024.111985 · Cited by 13
Design of a nanozyme-based magnetic nanoplatform to enhance photodynamic therapy and immunotherapy
Bai, C. G., Liu, J., Bai, L., Yao, D., Li, X., Zhang, H., & Guo, D. M. (2023) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpha.2023.12.018 · Cited by 15
“Furthermore, the hypoxic tumor microenvironment results in a lack of oxygen (O 2 ), which inhibits ROS production [11,12].”
BackgroundFractionated Photofrin-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy Significantly Improves Long-Term Survival
Sun, H., Yang, W., Ong, Y. H., Busch, T. M., & Zhu, T. C. (2023) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers15235682 · Cited by 15
“…clinically approved and minimally invasive therapeutic modality applied in the treatment of both non-oncological ailments and various forms of cancers, entailing an intricate interplay amongst treatment light of specific wave-lengths, a photosensitizing agent, and tissue oxygenation dynamics [1–5].”
BackgroundEmerging non-antibody‒drug conjugates (non-ADCs) therapeutics of toxins for cancer treatment
Xu, X., Zhang, J., Wang, T., Li, J., Rong, Y., Wang, Y., Bai, C., Yan, Q., Ran, X., Wang, Y., et al. (2023) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2023.11.029 · Cited by 13
“Phototherapy includes photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), which can be realized by either photosensitizers or inorganic nano-materials with photosensitive properties 135 e 137 .”
BackgroundLiu, X., Zhang, J., Guo, X., Huang, J., Lou, Z., Zhao, X., Lin, Q., Li, X., You, J., & Luo, L. (2023) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.10.037 · Cited by 16
Zhang, X., Guo, Y.-X., Liu, X., Wu, S.-Y., Zhu, Y.-X., Wang, S.-Z., Duan, Q.-Y., Xu, K.-F., Li, Z.-H., Zhu, X.-Y., et al. (2023) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2023.147084 · Cited by 13
Li, Z., Huan, W., Wang, Y., & Yang, Y. (2023) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202306245 · Cited by 15
Wang, Y.-Z., An, X.-L., Fan, X., Pu, Q., Li, H., Liu, W.-Z., Chen, Z., & Su, J.-R. (2023) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132564 · Cited by 13
Nkune, N. W., & Abrahamse, H. (2023) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15092264 · Cited by 13
“A PS molecule absorbs light at an appropriate wavelength, initiating the photochemical processes that ultimately generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), which trigger necrosis or apoptosis [9].”
BackgroundMa, X.-J., Yang, T., Ouyang, J., & Zhang, X. (2023) · Inorganic Chemistry Communications · doi:10.1016/j.inoche.2023.111210 · Cited by 13
Nguyen, M. T., Guseva, E. V., Ataeva, A. N., Sigan, A., Shibaeva, A., Dmitrieva, M., Burtsev, I. D., Volodina, Y. L., Radchenko, A. S., Egorov, A. E., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24097995 · Cited by 13
Razlog, R., Kruger, C. A., & Abrahamse, H. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24076151 · Cited by 16
“The generation of these cytotoxic species induces oxidative stress, which can cause primary CC cell death via apoptosis [6].”
BackgroundFeng, W.-W., Liang, B.-F., Chen, B.-H., Liu, Q.-Y., Pan, Z., Liu, Y., & He, L. (2023) · Dyes and Pigments · doi:10.1016/j.dyepig.2023.111077 · Cited by 17
Salinas-Gilabert, C., García, F. G. G., Molero, F. G., Pons-Fuster, E., Beken, S. V., & Jornet, P. L. (2022) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15010030 · Cited by 13
“The photosensitizer molecules absorb light of the appropriate wavelength, initiating the activation processes leading to the selective destruction of the inappropriate cells [30,32] Cosgarea et al.”
BackgroundTarget Prediction of 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(4′-Sulfonatophenyl)-Porphyrin Using Molecular Docking
Udrea, A., Dinache, A., Staicu, A., & Avram, S. (2022) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14112390 · Cited by 13
“Cell death occurs via apoptosis when PS is found in the mitochondria, necrosis when PS is found in the cell membrane, and autophagy when PS is found in the lysosomes [10].”
Pourhajibagher, M., Bazarjani, F., & Bahador, A. (2022) · Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103134 · Cited by 13
Casu, C., Murgia, M. S., Orrù, G., & Scano, A. (2022) · Journal of Public Health Research · doi:10.1177/22799036221116177 · Cited by 13
Li, T., Rao, B., Xu, D., Zhou, J., Sun, W., Zhi, X., Zhang, C., Cui, D., & Xu, H. (2022) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2022.09.062 · Cited by 17
Gusmão, L. A., Machado, A. E. H., & Perussi, J. (2022) · Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103073 · Cited by 13
Zhao, Y., Yan, Q., Wu, X., Hua, F., & Shi, B. (2022) · Lasers in Medical Science · doi:10.1007/s10103-022-03592-2 · Cited by 12
Kong, T.-T., Liu, T.-J., Zhang, Y.-J., & Wang, M.-G. (2022) · Journal of Biomaterials Applications · doi:10.1177/08853282221116855 · Cited by 13
“Among them, photosensitizers are one of the key factors of photodynamic therapy.(10) However, the application of common photosensitizers is limited by instability, low photosensitivity and poor water solubility.”
BackgroundTrends in iron oxide nanoparticles: a nano-platform for theranostic application in breast cancer
Halder, J., Pradhan, D., Biswasroy, P., Rai, V. K., Kar, B., Ghosh, G., & Rath, G. (2022) · Journal of drug targeting · doi:10.1080/1061186x.2022.2095389 · Cited by 22
“expected to produce an effective theranostic agent for localised therapy in BC [217].”
BackgroundYu, Y., Zhao, Y., He, Y.-X., Pang, J., Yang, Z., Zheng, M., & Yin, R. (2022) · Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4020211 · Cited by 13
Fluorescence kinetics study of twice laser irradiation based HpD‐PDT for nonmelanoma skin cancer
Li, C., Wang, P., Wang, D., Shi, L., Zhou, Z., Zhang, L., Zhang, G., Chen, C., & Wang, X. (2022) · Lasers in Surgery and Medicine · doi:10.1002/lsm.23538 · Cited by 16
Gonçalves, R., Pina, J., Costa, S., & Raposo, M. (2021) · Dyes and pigments · doi:10.1016/j.dyepig.2021.109784 · Cited by 13
“oxygen to form singlet oxygen (1)O2 [1,2].”
Li, X., Yu, Z., & Li, S. (2021) · Materials & Design · doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109958 · Cited by 16
Jeong, H., Lee, C., Lee, J., Lee, J., Hwang, H. S., Lee, M., & Na, K. (2021) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202100118 · Cited by 17
Soy, R. C., Babu, B., Mack, J. P., & Nyokong, T. (2021) · Dyes and Pigments · doi:10.1016/j.dyepig.2021.109631 · Cited by 23
Nammour, S., Mobadder, M. E., Brugnera, A., Namour, M., Houeis, S., Heysselaer, D., Vanheusden, A., & Namour, A. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9091137 · Cited by 13
“After photoactivation, the photosensitizer releases free radical derivatives toxic to the targeted tissue, resulting in targeted and selective destruction and necrosis of this pathological tissue [26].”
BackgroundPhotodynamic therapy using self-assembled nanogels comprising chlorin e6-bearing pullulan.
Kawasaki, R., Ohdake, R., Yamana, K., Eto, T., Sugikawa, K., & Ikeda, A. (2021) · Journal of materials chemistry. B · doi:10.1039/d1tb00377a · Cited by 13
DNA‐Triggered Enhancement of Singlet Oxygen Production by Pyridinium Alkynylanthracenes
Fudickar, W., Bauch, M., Ihmels, H., & Linker, T. (2021) · Chemistry - A European Journal · doi:10.1002/chem.202101918 · Cited by 18
Bayless, S., Travers, J. B., Sahu, R. P., & Rohan, C. A. (2021) · Oncology Letters · doi:10.3892/ol.2021.12925 · Cited by 14
“They are also grouped into first, second, and third generation photosensitizers (6).”
BackgroundSouza, T. H. S., Andrade, C. G., Cabral, F. V., Sarmento-Neto, J. F., Rebouças, J. S., Santos, B. S., Ribeiro, M., Figueiredo, R. C. B. Q., & Fontes, A. (2021) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129897 · Cited by 13
Avancini, G., Guerrini, A., Ferroni, C., Tedesco, D., Ballestri, M., Columbaro, M., Menilli, L., Reddi, E., Costa, R., Leanza, L., et al. (2021) · Materials Science and Engineering C · doi:10.1016/j.msec.2021.111899 · Cited by 15
Alshahrani, A., Togoo, R., Kamran, M., & Alshahrani, I. (2020) · Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101934 · Cited by 13
Ambrósio, J. A. R., Pinto, B. C. D. S., da Silva, B. G. M., Passos, J. C. D. S., Beltrame, M., Costa, M. S., & Simioni, A. R. (2020) · Journal of Biomaterials Science Polymer Edition · doi:10.1080/09205063.2020.1795461 · Cited by 18
Dodge, N., Russo, D. A., Blossom, B. M., Singh, R., van Oort, B. V., Croce, R., Bjerrum, M., & Jensen, P. (2020) · Biotechnology for Biofuels · doi:10.1186/s13068-020-01832-7 · Cited by 13
“Although photobiocatalysis is a relatively new field, photosensitizers have been used in a variety of applications, and tend to follow two main photodynamic mechanisms in the presence of oxygen [23].”
BackgroundMiretti, M., Juri, L., Cosiansi, M. C., Tempesti, T., & Baumgartner, M. T. (2019) · ChemistrySelect · doi:10.1002/slct.201902039 · Cited by 13
Photodynamic Therapy of Psoriasis Using Photosensitizers of Vegetable Origin.
Bruschi, M., da Silva, J. D., & Rosseto, H. (2019) · Current pharmaceutical design · doi:10.2174/1381612825666190618122024 · Cited by 13
Zhang, X.-H., Xue, C., Zhang, W., Yu, L., Wang, Q., Que, W., Wang, Y.-J., & Hu, F. (2018) · Optical Materials Express · doi:10.1364/ome.9.000304 · Cited by 13
Trivedi, R., Malode, D., Umekar, M., Shidhaye, S., Khobragade, R., & Raut, N. (2026) · Next Nanotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.nxnano.2025.100326 · Cited by 12
Polymeric micelles in advanced photodynamic therapy: Design, delivery and translational prospects
Turnovská, A., & Etrych, T. (2025) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics X · doi:10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100439 · Cited by 9
“(Correia et al., 2021a; Dabrowski, 2017; Kwiatkowski et al., 2018) In a Type II reactions, the excited PS* in its triplet state interacts directly with molecular oxygen, yielding two singlet oxygen 1 O 2 forms ( 1 Σ 2 , 1 Δ 2 ).”
Gold-Enhanced Lanthanide Nanomedicine for Near-Infrared Photodynamic Therapy
Ali, S., Hou, W., Wang, Z., & Song, Y. (2025) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.5c01514 · Cited by 13
Mai, Y., Liu, X., Fang, Z., Peng, Y., Hu, L., Wu, Z., Zhao, H., Zhou, Y., Chen, A., Wang, W., et al. (2025) · Materials Today Bio · doi:10.1016/j.mtbio.2025.102134 · Cited by 9
“On the other hand, type II photosensitizers use triplet energy transfer to directly activate molecular oxygen and produce singlet oxygen [13,20].”
Guo, Z., Zhang, R., Li, Y., Chen, Z., Wang, T., Wang, M., Wang, X., Cao, Y., Tu, J., Chen, D., et al. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.162359 · Cited by 13
Yang, F., Wang, L., Wang, H., Zhang, S., & Li, Y. (2025) · Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104464 · Cited by 14
Jardón-Guadarrama, G., Manríquez-Ramírez, M. E., Rodríguez-Pérez, C., Díaz-Ruiz, A., Martínez-Cárdenas, M. D. L. Á., Mata-Bermudez, A., Ríos, C., & Ortiz-Islas, E. (2024) · Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine · doi:10.1007/s10856-024-06823-w · Cited by 12
Krupka-Olek, M., Bożek, A., Czuba, Z., Kłósek, M., Cieślar, G., & Kawczyk-Krupka, A. (2024) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics16060696 · Cited by 12
Wang, J., Li, R., Ouyang, H., Lu, Y., Fei, H., & Zhao, Y. (2024) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126019
RetractedSu, M., Zhang, Y. X., Yang, L., Li, H., Li, X., Feng, J., Jia, L., & Zhang, Z. (2024) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2024.105657 · Cited by 13
Recent advances in nanomaterial-driven strategies for diagnosis and therapy of vascular anomalies
Geng, Y., Zou, H.-W., Li, Z., & Wu, H. (2024) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-024-02370-2 · Cited by 12
“…NPs are significantly influenced by various factors including size, surface properties, morphology, and materials; hence, a thoughtful design that comprehensive consideration of both biological and physicochemical properties is essential for preparing effective nano contrast agents or nanoprobes.”
BackgroundRocha, É., Bomfim, L., Júnior, S., Santos, G., Meira, C., & Soares, M. B. P. (2023) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers15235509 · Cited by 12
Visible‐Light Photoredox Catalysis in the Late‐Stage Functionalization of Anticancer Agents
Singh, P. P., & Srivastava, V. (2023) · ChemistrySelect · doi:10.1002/slct.202302732 · Cited by 15
Ma, Q., Li, X., Jiang, H., Fu, X., You, L., You, F., & Ren, Y. (2023) · Critical Reviews in Microbiology · doi:10.1080/1040841x.2023.2247493 · Cited by 15
“…combined with a photosensitizer and oxygen to produce cytotoxic ROS (especially singlet oxygen) and carry out nonspecific attacks on microorganisms (Kwiatkowski et al. 2018). this method is advantageous for infections located in the deep part of the oral cavity and overcomes the difficulty through…”
Application of Photodynamic Therapy in Pediatric Dentistry: Literature Review
Silva, T., Lunardi, A. J. L., Barros, A. C. S. M., Mandetta, A., Grudzien, E., San-Martín, M., Horliana, A., Bussadori, S., & Motta, L. (2023) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15092335 · Cited by 12
“…or fungal lesions and to review the literature in order to access adequate protocols for PDT as a potentially effective therapy for treatment in a localized way, with no systemic effects, and the possibility of it to exhibit the same action even in lineages of drug-resistant microorganisms [25,26].”
InfluentialLiu, R., & Qian, Y. (2023) · Spectrochimica Acta Part A Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy · doi:10.1016/j.saa.2023.123387 · Cited by 15
Limitations of ALA-PDT as A Reliable Therapy for AK in Clinical Practice.
Chen, J., Yuan, F., Zheng, L.-Y., Wen, L., Gao, M., Zhou, W., & Fan, X. (2023) · Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103797 · Cited by 12
Karanlık, C. C., & Erdoğmuş, A. (2023) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.115210 · Cited by 14
Wang, B., Huang, Y. X., Yang, D., Xu, J., Zhong, X., Zhao, S., & Liang, H. (2023) · Journal of Materials Chemistry B · doi:10.1039/d3tb01213a · Cited by 22
Rostaminejad, B., Dinari, M., Karimi, A. R., & Hadizadeh, M. (2023) · Journal of Molecular Liquids · doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2023.122553 · Cited by 12
Applications of Metformin in Dentistry—A review
Uddin, M. K. H., Sadiq, M. S. K., Ahmed, A., Khan, M., Maniar, T., Mateen, S. M., Saba, B., Kashif, S., Usman, S., Najeeb, S., et al. (2023) · Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jtumed.2023.03.014 · Cited by 12
“These reactive oxygen species can damage proteins, lipids, nucleic acid, and other molecules.(71) PDT has potential applications in dentistry in the treatment and diagnosis of infections and cancers of the mouth.”
BackgroundSari, C., Değirmencioğlu, I., & Eyupoglu, F. C. (2023) · Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103504 · Cited by 12
Kuryanova, A., Savko, M., Kaplin, V., Aksenova, N., Timofeeva, V., Chernyak, A., Glagolev, N. N., Timashev, P. S., & Solovieva, A. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27206796 · Cited by 12
“the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS: (1)O2, O2, OH−), (type I photochemical reaction) [2,5].”
BackgroundAdvances in the Application of Nanomaterials to the Treatment of Melanoma
Wang, Z., Yu, Y., Wang, C., Li, J., & Pang, Y. (2022) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14102090 · Cited by 14
Zou, H., Gan, S., Shen, H., He, B., Zheng, Z., Li, J., Huang, J. C., Zheng, L., Tang, B. Z., & Zhang, J. (2022) · Materials Today · doi:10.1016/j.mattod.2022.06.008 · Cited by 15
Potential Application of Photosensitizers With High-Z Elements for Synergic Cancer Therapy
Sarbadhikary, P., George, B. P. A., & Abrahamse, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.921729 · Cited by 14
“Nano-PS offer several advantages over free second-generation PS such as high stability, high loading or conjugation efficiency, adjustable size, optical properties, easy surface functionalization, slow degradation, long cycle time, high biocompatibility, and resistant to decomposition in biological applications, which…”
BackgroundFernandes, M. A., Amantino, C. F., do Amaral, S. R., & Primo, F. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2022.837693 · Cited by 12
“The third generation photosensitizer emerged with the interest to improve the selectivity of therapy, this new generation is based on the organic synthesis of new molecules with greater affinity to the pathogenic tissue, in addition to having the objective of expanding the administration routes of these photosensitize…”
BackgroundPhotodynamic therapy, a promising treatment approach for cutaneous infectious granulomas
Yang, Z., Liu, C., Xiong, H., & Shi, D. (2022) · Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102952 · Cited by 13
Metadata
- Authors
- Kwiatkowski, S., Knap, B., Przystupski, D., Saczko, J., Kędzierska, E., Knap-Czop, K., Kotlińska, J., Michel, O., Kotowski, K., & Kulbacka, J.
- Affiliations
- Wroclaw Medical University (PL)
- Medical University of Lublin (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Kulbacka, Julita
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-10
- Volume
- 106
- Pages
- 1098-1107
- ISSN
- 0753-3322 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2884145325
- Cited by
- 2,173
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 192 · 2025: 360 · 2024: 404 · 2023: 362 · 2022: 340 · 2021: 272 · 2020: 174 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 7
- FWCI
- 22.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Piastów Slaskich we Wroclawiu
- Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie
- Servier
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Photodynamic Therapy Research Studies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Porphyrin and Phthalocyanine Chemistry
- Keywords
- photodynamic therapy, photosensitizers, photocytotoxicity, targeted drug delivery, nanoparticles, nanomaterials, combination therapy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Drug Carriers, Humans, Neoplasms, Photochemotherapy, Drug Delivery Systems, Photosensitizing Agents, Nanomedicine, Electrochemotherapy, Nanoparticles
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review