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Photodynamic therapy – mechanisms, photosensitizers and combinations
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a modern and non-invasive form of therapy, used in the treatment of non-oncological diseases as well as cancers of various types and locations. It is based on the local or systemic application of a photosensitive compound - the photosensitizer, which is accumulated in pathological tissues. The photosensitizer molecules absorb the light of the appropriate wavelength, initiating the activation processes leading to the selective destruction of the inappropriate cells. The photocytotoxic reactions occur only within the pathological tissues, in the area of photosensitizer distribution, enabling selective destruction. Over the last decade, a significant acceleration in the development of nanotechnology has been observed. The combination of photosensitizers with nanomaterials can improve the photodynamic therapy efficiency and eliminate its side effects as well. The use of nanoparticles enables achievement a targeted method which is focused on specific receptors, and, as a result, increases the selectivity of the photodynamic therapy. The object of this review is the anticancer application of PDT, its advantages and possible modifications to potentiate its effects.
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“PDT can produce ROS that induce tumor cell death by stimulating photosensitizers with specific wavelengths of therapeutic light [101–103].”
From Nanosensitizer-assisted sonodynamic therapy for breast cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [101]
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Near‐Infrared BODIPY‐Acridine Dyads Acting as Heavy‐Atom‐Free Dual‐Functioning Photosensitizers
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Application of photodynamic therapy drugs for management of glioma
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Trends in small-molecule probes for lipid droplets
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Covalent organic frameworks: Prospects and potential in tumor diagnosis and therapy
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Phthalocyanine-nanoparticle conjugates for enhanced cancer photodynamic therapy
Naeem, N., Sadiq, A., Ogaly, H. A., & Mughal, E. U. (2025) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d5ra04347f · Cited by 21
Nanomaterials for liver cancer targeting: research progress and future prospects
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Nanoparticle-based photodynamic therapy for targeted treatment of breast cancer
Rajput, S., Malviya, R., & Sridhar, S. B. (2024) · Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects · doi:10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101405 · Cited by 19
Zhang, G., Shen, Y., Phipps, J., Sun, L., & Ma, S. (2024) · Coordination Chemistry Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2024.216059 · Cited by 21
“PDT is a new non-invasive method of treating disease with laser-activated photosensitive drugs [143].”
Targeted immunotherapy and nanomedicine for rhabdomyosarcoma: The way of the future
Morel, V. J., Rössler, J. K., & Bernasconi, M. (2024) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.22059 · Cited by 18
“219 PDT can be exploited under two ‐ photon excitation (TPE ‐ PDT) in the near ‐ infrared (NIR) range which allows a deep penetration of the NIR beam up to 2 cm in soft tissues and a high spatiotemporal resolution for imaging and cancer detection.”
Advances in Engineered Nano-Biosensors for Bacteria Diagnosis and Multidrug Resistance Inhibition
Xia, Q., Jiang, H., Liu, X.-H., Yin, L.-H., & Wang, X.-M. (2024) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios14020059 · Cited by 15
“These oxygen molecules, also including single oxygen, start the cascade effect that These oxygen molecules, also including single oxygen, start the cascade e ff ect that damages the bacterial cell [28]. damages the bacterial cell [28].”
BackgroundGraphene Oxide (GO) for the Treatment of Bone Cancer: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis
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“The damage is caused by oxidative stress and, therefore, the breaking of bonds [107].”
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“53,54 Due to its high selectivity, repeatability, and minimal side effects, PDT is increasingly being applied in clinical practice.”
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Recent Advances in Polymer-Based Nanomaterials for Non-Invasive Photothermal Therapy of Arthritis
Tekade, M., Pingale, P. L., Gupta, R., Pawar, B., Tekade, R., & Sharma, M. C. (2023) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15030735 · Cited by 15
“The three non-toxic components that make up the molecular basis of photodynamic therapy—a suitable light wavelength, a photosensitizer, and oxygen dissolved in cells—interact to generate the intended effects only when they are present in pathogenic tissues [44].”
BackgroundCRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing for multimodal synergistic cancer nanotherapy
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Moghassemi, S., Dadashzadeh, A., Camboni, A., Feron, O., Azevedo, R. B., & Amorim, C. (2022) · Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103139 · Cited by 15
Peroxide mediated oxygen delivery in cancer therapy
Khorshidi, S., Younesi, S., & Karkhaneh, A. (2022) · Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112832 · Cited by 19
The Current State of the Art in PARP Inhibitor-Based Delivery Nanosystems
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“Under the intense effect of light irradiation, the local activation of photosensitizers (PS) could trigger photochemical pathways and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to the induction of cell damage and final cell death [95].”
BackgroundSecure transplantation by tissue purging using photodynamic therapy to eradicate malignant cells
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Chemotherapy and Physical Therapeutics Modulate Antigens on Cancer Cells
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“Still, if the local administration of the photosensitizer to the tumor site is possible, it decreases the systemic side effects (151).”
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Nanoengineered photoactive theranostic agents for cancer
Jain, N. K., Chathoth, B. M., Bhaskar, V. S., Meena, H., Prasad, R., & Srivastava, R. (2021) · Nanophotonics · doi:10.1515/nanoph-2021-0205 · Cited by 23
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Photo-Responsive Supramolecular Micelles for Controlled Drug Release and Improved Chemotherapy
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Energy Conversion-Based Nanotherapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment
Wang, P., Li, A., Yu, L., Chen, Y., & Xu, D. (2020) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2020.00652 · Cited by 19
“PDT is the interaction between three components (Kwiatkowski et al., 2018): (1) photosensitizers (PSs); (2) light with the appropriate wavelength; (3) dissolved oxygenmolecules.”
BackgroundNazeh, A. A. A., Alshahrani, A., Almoammar, S., Kamran, M., Togoo, R., & Alshahrani, I. (2020) · Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101904 · Cited by 15
Sztandera, K., Marcinkowska, M. A., Gorzkiewicz, M., Janaszewska, A., Laurent, R., Zabłocka, M., Mignani, S., Majoral, J., & Klajnert-Maculewicz, B. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21124456 · Cited by 15
Apomyoglobin is an efficient carrier for zinc phthalocyanine in photodynamic therapy of tumors.
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Study on Five Porphyrin-Based Photosensitizers for Singlet Oxygen Generation
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Organic Chemistry in the Creation of Molecules with Practically Useful Properties
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Xu, Y., Zhang, Y., & Yu, W. (2025) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-025-07222-7 · Cited by 14
“By modifying targeting ligands, PDT can precisely target macrophages, interfere with their activities, and thereby reduce inflammation within plaques [49].”
A photoactivatable tumor‐targeting in situ nanovaccine for large‐volume tumor therapy
Ding, J., Zhao, X., Long, S., Sun, W. C., Du, J., Fan, J., & Peng, X. (2025) · Smart Molecules · doi:10.1002/smo2.70014 · Cited by 16
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“…for enhancing the PDT of bladder cancer Yang Liu 1,2† , Wentao Xu 3† , Xiaowen Qin 4,5† , Jiajia Zheng 3,6 , Bin Zheng 4 , Li Sun 4 , Wenyan Zuo 4 , Dingyi Liu 4 , Zhenghong Liu 4 , Yixuan Mou 4 , Heng Wang 4 , Qi Zhang 4 , Jun Chen 3* , Pu Zhang 4* and Dahong Zhang 1,4* unresectable NMIBC [3].”
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Nanoparticles for Photodynamic Therapy of Breast Cancer: A Review of Recent Studies
Bartusik-Aebisher, D., Przygórzewska, A., Woźnicki, P., & Aebisher, D. (2025) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules30071571 · Cited by 14
“This process leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which have a cytotoxic effect, destroying target pathological cells in a controlled manner and with minimal impact on surrounding healthy tissues [9].”
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Photothermal therapy: a novel potential treatment for prostate cancer
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Advances in photodynamic therapy of pathologic scar
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“Longer-lived triplet states have two different photochemical pathways (types I and II) (Kwiatkowski et al., 2018) to react with oxygen molecules in the environment.”
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Positron emission tomography imaging sheds new light on hypoxia and antitumor therapies
Fang, H., Wang, X., Lan, X., & Jiang, D. (2023) · Interdisciplinary medicine · doi:10.1002/inmd.20230002 · Cited by 29
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kwiatkowski, S., Knap, B., Przystupski, D., Saczko, J., Kędzierska, E., Knap-Czop, K., Kotlińska, J., Michel, O., Kotowski, K., & Kulbacka, J.
- Affiliations
- Wroclaw Medical University (PL)
- Medical University of Lublin (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Kulbacka, Julita
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-10
- Volume
- 106
- Pages
- 1098-1107
- ISSN
- 0753-3322 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2884145325
- Cited by
- 2,173
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 192 · 2025: 360 · 2024: 404 · 2023: 362 · 2022: 340 · 2021: 272 · 2020: 174 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 7
- FWCI
- 22.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Piastów Slaskich we Wroclawiu
- Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie
- Servier
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Photodynamic Therapy Research Studies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Porphyrin and Phthalocyanine Chemistry
- Keywords
- photodynamic therapy, photosensitizers, photocytotoxicity, targeted drug delivery, nanoparticles, nanomaterials, combination therapy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Drug Carriers, Humans, Neoplasms, Photochemotherapy, Drug Delivery Systems, Photosensitizing Agents, Nanomedicine, Electrochemotherapy, Nanoparticles
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