Influence of Emotional Expression on Memory Recognition Bias: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Abstract
Background Most studies of the influence of emotion on memory performance have focused on accuracy. However, there is evidence that emotion can influence other aspects of memory, in particular response bias (overall tendency to classify items as new or old regardless of the accuracy of the response). Here we investigated the behavioral and neural-related modulation of response bias by emotion.Methods Nineteen healthy individuals performed a recognition memory task on faces with happy, sad, and neutral expressions while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).Results We observed a familiarity (tendency to say "old") and novelty (tendency to say "new") bias for sad and happy faces, respectively. Novelty response bias was associated with amygdala and prefrontal cortex activity, whereas familiarity bias correlated with superior temporal gyrus activation.Conclusions These results show that emotional expressions can have an influence on memory beyond simple accuracy and that this effect is in part mediated by the amygdala, a region previously implicated in emotional perception and memory. Our findings might have important clinical relevance, because they could help explain some of the inconsistencies in the literature regarding emotional memory deficits in psychiatric populations.
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Recall of faces is modulated by emotion.
“Recall of faces is also modulated by emotion (Sergerie et al., 2007;Satterthwaite et al., 2009).”
From Affective Cognition and its Disruption in Mood Disorders (2011) · cites this paper as Sergerie et al., 2007
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Relation between emotional face memory and social anhedonia in schizophrenia
Harvey, P., Bodnar, M. D., Sergerie, K., Armony, J. L., & Lepage, M. (2009) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1139/jpn.0914 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“To investigate these associations, we used an emotional face recognition memory task validated by our research group.(16,17) We used faces depicting different emotional expressions en partie s’expliquer par le manque de puissance statistique inhérent à la petite taille de notre échantillon.”
InfluentialSelf-citationLi, S., Weerda, R., Guenzel, F. M., Wolf, O. T., & Thiel, C. M. (2013) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2013.03.006 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Although facial emotion did not modulate accuracy measures, correct recognition of emotional faces took longer than recognition of neutral faces, an effect which was also found, at least numerically, in other studies using face stimuli (Johansson et al., 2004; Keightley et al., 2011; Sergerie et al., 2007).”
Laugh (or Cry) and You will be Remembered
Armony, J. L., Chochol, C., Fecteau, S., & Belin, P. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.02019.x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationEpisodic Memory Bias and the Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Lepage, M., Sergerie, K., Pelletier, M., & Harvey, P. (2007) · Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie · doi:10.1177/070674370705201104 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“We recently conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in which we directly investigated the behavioural and neural correlates of response bias in recognition memory for emotional face stimuli in healthy volunteers.(91)”
BackgroundSelf-citationInfluence of Emotional Expression on Memory Recognition Bias in Schizophrenia as Revealed by fMRI
Sergerie, K., Armony, J. L., Menear, M., Sutton, H., & Lepage, M. (2009) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn172 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“On the other hand, we hypothesizedthat, inagreementwithprevious studies,(4,20) emotional expressions would have a similar influence on memory responsebias inpatientsas inhealthy individuals.(15) In terms of neural correlates, we anticipated group differences in regions within the prefrontal cortex and medial temporal…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationArmony, J. L., Aubé, W., Angulo‐Perkins, A., Peretz, I., & Concha, L. (2015) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2015.03.011 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationWolf, D. H. (2011) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00081 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Following Sergerie et al. (2007), we adapted the original Br formula (where Br r = 0.5 reflected neutrality or no bias), subtracting 0.5 so that 0 becomes the neutral point.”
MethodInfluentialWang, B. (2012) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2012.725740 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“to that for neutral faces (Johansson, Mecklinger, & Treese, 2004; Sergerie et al., 2007), and recognition memory for sad faces was even significantly worse than for neutral faces (Sergerie et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialFamiliarity increases subjective positive affect even in non-affective and non-evaluative contexts
Garcia‐Marques, T., Prada, M., & Mackie, D. M. (2016) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-016-9555-9 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“For example, Sergerie et al. (2007) show opposite effects to the ones reported by Garcia-Marques et al. (2004) by demonstrating that in their experiment participants tended to perceive sad faces as familiar and happy faces as ‘‘new.’’”
ResultRighi, S., Gronchi, G., Marzi, T., Rebai, M. A., & Viggiano, M. P. (2015) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.05.001 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Facial expression at retrieval affects recognition of facial identity
Chen, W., Liu, C. H., Li, H., Tong, K., Ren, N., & Fu, X. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00780 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“For example, negative stimuli are more likely to be classified as old (i.e., a liberal bias), whereas positive stimuli are prone to be classified as new (i.e., a conservative bias; Maratos et al., 2001; Windmann and Kutas, 2001; Sergerie et al., 2007).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialEmotional memory modulation in schizophrenia: an overview
Dieleman, S., & Röder, C. H. (2012) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12047 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“In nine tasks (Ia,c, IIa,b,c, VII, XI, XIII, and XIV), memory for positive stimuli was better than for negative stimuli; 3 (VIb, IX, and X) showed the opposite pattern; and in five (Ib, IVa,b, V, and VIa), no difference was found, which is similar to the mixed results reported in the literature (47, 52).”
BackgroundResultWang, B. (2012) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2012.753461 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Healthy individuals maintain adaptive stimulus evaluation under predictable and unpredictable threat
Klinkenberg, I. A. G., Rehbein, M. A., Steinberg, C., Klahn, A. L., Zwanzger, P., Zwitserlood, P., & Junghöfer, M. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.05.041 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Although such a familiarity bias for negative stimuli has been observed (Sergerie et al., 2007; Windmann and Krüger, 1998; Windmann and Kutas, 2001), this effect deviates from the literature on emotional memory predominantly reporting enhanced performance for emotional stimuli (Hamann et al., 1999;…”
BackgroundMemory for faces and voices varies as a function of sex and expressed emotion
Cortes, D. S., Laukka, P., Lindahl, C., & Fischer, H. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0178423 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Influence of emotional prosody, content, and repetition on memory recognition of speaker identity
Xu, H., & Armony, J. L. (2021) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/1747021821998557 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Positive values of Br indicate a tendency to respond “old,” while a negative Br suggests a tendency to respond “new” (Sergerie et al., 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMultivariate fMRI pattern analysis of fear perception across modalities
Whitehead, J. C., & Armony, J. (2019) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14322 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of attention in emotional memory enhancement in pathological and healthy aging
Sava, A.-A., Paquet, C., Dumurgier, J., Hugon, J., & Chainay, H. (2016) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2015.1123225 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Happy faces are preferred regardless of familiarity—sad faces are preferred only when familiar.
Liao, H., Shinsuke Shimojo, A., & Yeh, S. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0030861 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Sergerie et al. (2007) found that participants tended to respond “old” for sad faces and “new” for happy faces, suggesting that sad faces are perceived as more familiar than happy faces.”
BackgroundLin, H., & Liang, J. (2022) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-022-01756-x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Youth are more Vulnerable to False Memories than Middle-Aged Adults due to Liberal Response Bias.
Meusel, L.-A., MacQUEEN, G. M., Jaswal, G., & McKinnon, M. C. (2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Windmann, S., & Hill, H. (2014) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2014.08.010 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Individual differences in the evaluation of ambiguous visual and auditory threat‐related expressions
Whitehead, J. C., Spiousas, I., & Armony, J. L. (2024) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.16220 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“1 (Adobe Systems, San Jose CA) to attain uniform face size, resolution and contrast (Sergerie et al., 2006, 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationStevens, A. R., Carlson, C. A., & Pierce, B. H. (2025) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2025.2572705 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…for negative stimuli seems to extend to faces as well, with some researchers finding the effect for specific negative emotional categories like sad (Sergerie et al., 2007) and fearful faces (Langeslag et al., 2020) and others observing an overall effect of negative expression on response bias…”
EMOTIONAL IMPACT IN PARENTING ADVERTISEMENTS: INVESTIGATING RESONANCE WITH DIVERSE EMOTIONS
Deng, T., Ibrahim, R., Dahlan, R., Ishak, S. M. M., & Shen, Y. (2024) · International Journal of Education Psychology and Counseling · doi:10.35631/ijepc.953022 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Emotional Modulation of Cognition in Recent Onset Schizophrenia
Dieleman, S. (2014) · RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam)
Source Memory Failures: Comparing Source Misattribution to Sources of False Memories
O'Neill, M. (2015) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)
Methodological approaches in the research of emotional memory
Skalníková, P., Juríčková, V., Plechatá, A., Fajnerová, I., & Nekovářová, T. (2022) · Ceskoslovenska psychologie · doi:10.51561/cspsych.66.4.349
“Nevertheless, studies reported inconsistent results as demonstrated better recognition of negative (e.g., Righi et al., 2012; Sergerie et al., 2005, 2007), or positive faces (e.g., Shimamura et al., 2007; 2011).”
ResultA compensatory relationship between working and long-term memory for emotional faces
Baek, J., Son, H., Shin, D., & Yang, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1716951
“Emotional memory literature has reported that emotional faces tend to be remembered better than neutral faces (D’Argembeau and Van der Linden, 2007; Hamann, 2001; Kensinger, 2009; Lee and Cho, 2019; Murty et al., 2010; Righi et al., 2012; Sergerie et al., 2007).”
Yu, Y., Yu, H., Pan, R., Chen, C., Yan, Y., Ma, Z.-H., Luo, W., & Wang, Y.-Y. (2026) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-026-03520-8
- Authors
- Sergerie, K., Lepage, M., & Armony, J. L.
- Affiliations
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Sergerie, Karine
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-11
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1126-1133
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2010604181
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MOP 53280, MOP 57724)
- Canada Research Chairs
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- emotional expression, recognition memory, response bias, familiarity bias, novelty bias, face recognition (cognition), amygdala, prefrontal cortex, superior temporal gyrus, emotional memory
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Brain, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory, Neuropsychological Tests, Oxygen, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Reaction Time, Bias, Expressed Emotion
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