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Developing a Neurobehavioral Animal Model of Infant Attachment to an Abusive Caregiver
Open accessAbstract
Background Both abused and well cared for infants show attachment to their caregivers, although the quality of that attachment differs. Moreover, the infant's attachment to the abusive caregiver is associated with compromised mental health, especially under stress. In an attempt to better understand how abuse by the caregiver can compromise mental health, we explore the neural basis of attachment in both typical and abusive environments using infant rats, which form attachments to the mother through learning her odor. Here, we hypothesize that the neural circuitry for infant attachment differs based on the quality of the attachment, which can be uncovered during stressful situations.Methods We used infant rats to compare infant attachment social behaviors and supporting neurobiology using natural maternal odor, as well as two odor-learning attachment paradigms: odor-stroke (mimics typical attachment) and odor-.5 mA shock conditioning (mimics abusive attachment). Next, to uncover differences in behavior and brain, these pups were injected with systemic corticosterone. Finally, pups were reared with an abusive mother to determine ecological relevance.Results Our results suggest that the natural and learned attachment odors indistinguishably control social behavior in infancy (approach to the odor and interactions with the mother). However, with corticosterone injection, pups with an abusive attachment show disrupted infant social behavior with the mother and engagement of the amygdala.Conclusions This animal model of attachment accommodates both abusive and typical attachment and suggests that pups' social behavior and underlying neural circuitry may provide clues to understanding attachment in children with various conditions of care.
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“In accord with this hypothesis, translational studies show that manipulating type and timing of early stressors leads to persistent alterations in amygdala development and function (10–12).”
From Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [12]
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“In particular, animal models indicate that low maternal responsiveness (LMR) during infancy is a potent stressor, associated with a host of alterations in infant development, including amygdalar effects, that persist into adulthood (10–12, 16).”
From Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [12]
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“Thus, this work adds to the evidence from animal models that early stress-related dendritic growth in the amygdala may be resistant to change (10–12, 15).”
From Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [12]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Raineki, C., Moriceau, S., & Sullivan, R. M.
- Affiliations
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research (US)
- Corresponding author
- Raineki, Charlis
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-06
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1137-1145
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3929962
- OpenAlex
- W2050959523
- Cited by
- 190
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 15.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (DC009910)
- National Science Foundation (IOB-0850527)
- Leon Levy Foundation
- Hope for Depression Foundation
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- infant attachment, child abuse, maternal odor, corticosterone, amygdala, social behavior, infant rats, stress and mental health
- MeSH terms
- Amygdala, Animals, Animals, Newborn, Child Abuse, Conditioning, Classical, Corticosterone, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Maternal Behavior, Object Attachment, Odorants, Olfactory Bulb, Social Behavior, Stress, Psychological, Caregivers, Maze Learning, Rats, Long-Evans, Models, Animal, Rats
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