Cited by 208Stress Responses and CortisolHeart Rate Variability and Autonomic ControlNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

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Do low levels of stress reactivity signal poor states of health?

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Lovallo, William R.·2011·Biological Psychology

DOI 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.01.006PMC PMC2888887

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Abstract

Studies of cardiovascular disease risk have explored the idea that exaggerated physiological responses to stress may signal increased risk of cardiovascular disease. We describe a neurophysiological model of brain structures and peripheral structures that may contribute to exaggerated reactivity. Level I in this model includes the limbic system and its interactions with the prefrontal cortex that determine stress appraisals and coping responses. Level II addresses the hypothalamus and brainstem that contribute outputs to the body and which also includes brainstem nuclei that feed back to Level I to modulate its functioning. Level III includes the peripheral tissues themselves. We then suggest that stress reactivity ranging from very low to very high has a normative midrange of intensity and present evidence that negative health outcomes may be associated with both exaggerated and diminished stress reactivity since both tendencies imply a loss of homeostatic regulation. In particular, dysregulation at Levels I and II in our heuristic model signify altered motivational function and an attendant alteration in outflow to the periphery and poor behavioral homeostasis. In consequence, poor affective and behavioral regulation would be expected to contribute to poor health behaviors therefore additionally impairing health. In conclusion, diminished as well as exaggerated physiological reactivity should be seen as nonoptimal functioning that can contribute to poor health outcomes. This conceptualization places physical health into the context of behavioral and physiological processes that contribute to homeostasis.

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Authors: Lovallo, W. R.
Affiliations: Oklahoma City VA Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: Lovallo, William R.
ORCID: Lovallo, William R.
Venue: Biological Psychology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2011-02
Volume: 86
Issue: 2
Pages: 121-128
ISSN: 0301-0511 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.01.006
PMC: PMC2888887
OpenAlex: W2130101970
Cited by: 208
References: 102
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 0.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Biological Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01AA019691, R01AA012207)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL032050)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: stress reactivity, cardiovascular risk, homeostatic regulation, limbic system, prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus, brainstem, stress appraisal, coping, motivational function, health behavior, emotion regulation, neurophysiological model
MeSH terms: Brain, Cardiovascular System, Health Status, Humans, Models, Biological, Neural Pathways, Peripheral Nerves, Stress, Psychological

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Do low levels of stress reactivity signal poor states of health?

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