Précis of The brain and emotion
Abstract
The topics treated in The brain and emotion include the definition, nature, and functions of emotion (Ch. 3); the neural bases of emotion (Ch. 4); reward, punishment, and emotion in brain design (Ch. 10); a theory of consciousness and its application to understanding emotion and pleasure (Ch. 9); and neural networks and emotion-related learning (Appendix). The approach is that emotions can be considered as states elicited by reinforcers (rewards and punishers). This approach helps with understanding the functions of emotion, with classifying different emotions, and in understanding what information-processing systems in the brain are involved in emotion, and how they are involved. The hypothesis is developed that brains are designed around reward- and punishment-evaluation systems, because this is the way that genes can build a complex system that will produce appropriate but flexible behavior to increase fitness (Ch. 10). By specifying goals rather than particular behavioral patterns of responses, genes leave much more open the possible behavioral strategies that might be required to increase fitness. The importance of reward and punishment systems in brain design also provides a basis for understanding the brain mechanisms of motivation, as described in Chapters 2 for appetite and feeding, 5 for brain-stimulation reward, 6 for addiction, 7 for thirst, and 8 for sexual behavior.
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Prime theory: An integrated view of motivation and emotion.
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Hypothalamic neuronal responses associated with the sight of food
Rolls, E. T., Burton, M. J., & Mora, F. (1976) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(76)91048-9 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Self-citationBurns, L. H., Robbins, T. W., & Everitt, B. J. (1993) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0166-4328(93)90113-5 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Visual responses of neurons in the dorsolateral amygdala of the alert monkey.
Sanghera, M., Rolls, E., & Roper-Hall, A. (1979) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(79)90175-4 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Self-citationEffect of interest on attentional shift, recognition, and recall in young children
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Responses to the Sensory Properties of Fat of Neurons in the Primate Orbitofrontal Cortex
Rolls, E. T., Critchley, H. D., Browning, A. S., Hernadi, I., & Lenard, L. (1999) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-04-01532.1999 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Self-citationGustatory responses of single neurons in the insula of the macaque monkey
Yaxley, S., Rolls, E. T., & Sienkiewicz, Z. J. (1990) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1990.63.4.689 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Self-citationSustained attention deficits in pat ients with right frontal lesions
Rueckert, L. M., & Grafman, J. H. (1996) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(96)00016-4 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Life History and the Relationship Between Food Availability and Foraging Effort
Abrams, P. A. (1991) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1941098 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
A study of the performance of patients with frontal lobe lesions in a financial planning task
Goel, V. (1997) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/120.10.1805 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Responses of striatal neurons in the behaving monkey. 1. Head of the caudate nucleus
Rolls, E. T., Thorpe, S. J., & Maddison, S. P. (1983) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0166-4328(83)90191-2 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial Stress in Hamsters: Defeat Activates Specific Neurocircuits within the Brain
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Burton, M. J., Rolls, E. T., & Mora, F. (1976) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(76)90189-8 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Self-citationCampeau, S., Falls, W. A., Cullinan, W. E., Helmreich, D. L., Davis, M. E., & Watson, S. J. (1997) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(96)00632-x · Cited by 230 · see citing works
The neuropsychology of anxiety: reprise.
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Similarities and Distinctions among Current Models of Prefrontal Cortical Functions
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Olmstead, M. C., & Franklin, K. B. J. (1997) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.111.6.1324 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Facial expression processing after amygdalotomy
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Activity of neurones in the inferotemporal cortex of the alert monkey
Rolls, E. T., Judge, S. J., & Sanghera, M. K. (1977) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(77)90272-4 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Self-citationNeurophysiological analysis of brain-stimulation reward in the monkey
Rolls, E. T., Burton, M. J., & Mora, F. (1980) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(80)91216-0 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Self-citationPeterson, J. B. (2002) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203902851 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Central Neural Integration for the Control of Autonomic Responses Associated with Emotion
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Amygdalectomy and disconnection in visual learning for auditory secondary reinforcement by monkeys.
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The Role of the Amygdala in Emotional Learning
Davis, M. (1994) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60305-0 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Izard, C. E., Hembree, E. A., & Huebner, R. R. (1987) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.23.1.105 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Contemporary philosophy of mind
Rorty, R. M. (1982) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/bf00484908 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Mora, F., Rolls, E. T., & Burton, M. J. (1976) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(76)90089-3 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Self-citationRolls, E. T., Murzi, E., Yaxley, S., Thorpe, S. J., & Simpson, S. J. (1986) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(86)91044-9 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citationDifferential involvement of amygdala subsystems in appetitive conditioning and drug addiction
Everitt, B. J., Cardinal, R. N., Hall, J., Parkinson, J. A., & Robbins, T. W. (2000) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198505013.003.0010 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
The Effect of a Change in Foraging Options on Intake Rate and Predation Rate
McNamara, J. M., & Houston, A. I. (1994) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/285721 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
The value of food: effects of open and closed economies
Houston, A. I., & McNamara, J. M. (1989) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/0003-3472(89)90034-1 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Neurophysiology and functions of the primate amygdala.
Rolls, E. T. (1992) · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Self-citationBaylis, L. L., & Gaffan, D. (1991) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00230535 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Reward-related Signals Carried by Dopamine Neurons
Schultz, W., Romo, R., Ljungberg, T., Mirenowicz, J., Hollerman, J. R., & Dickinson, A. (1994) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/4708.003.0019 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Perspectives in Ethology: Volume 2
Bateson, P. (2014) · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Cell Movement and Cell Behaviour
Lackie, J. M. (1986) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-4071-0 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Rolls, E. T. (1975) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuronal responses in the ventral striatum of the behaving macaque
WILLIAMS, G., ROLLS, E., LEONARD, C., & STERN, C. (1993) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0166-4328(93)90120-f · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citationInfants' responses to their mothers' expressions of joy and sadness.
Termine, N. T., & Izard, C. E. (1988) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.24.2.223 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Taste and Olfactory Processing in the Brain, and Its Relation to the Control of Eating
Rolls, E. T. (1998) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000061107 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citationWilson, F. A. W., & Rolls, E. T. (1993) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00229353 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citationA critical review of latent learning and related experiments.
Thistlethwaite, D. L. (1951) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0055171 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Where the brain appreciates the moral of a story
Nichelli, P., Grafman, J. H., Pietrini, P., Clark, K., Lee, K. Y., & Miletich, R. S. (1995) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199511270-00010 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Encoding of Sequence and Boundaries of Scripts Following Prefrontal Lesions
Angela Sirigu, B., Zalla, T., Pillon, B., Grafman, J. H., Agid, Y., & Dubois, B. (1996) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(96)80052-9 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Gustatory neural coding in the monkey cortex: stimulus intensity
Scott, T. R., Plata‐Saláman, C. R., Smith‐Swintosky, V. L., & Giza, B. K. (1991) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1991.65.1.76 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Pleasure, pain, desire, and dread: Hidden core processes of emotion.
Berridge, K. C. (1999) · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Neuronal responses related to reinforcement in the primate basal forebrain
Wilson, F. A. W., & Rolls, E. T. (1990) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(90)90546-n · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citationKagan, J. (1994) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.1994.tb01275.x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Emotional neurophysiology of the amygdala within the context of human cognition.
Halgren, E. (1992) · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Brain activation during the generation of nonemotional and emotional plans
Partiot, A., Grafman, J. H., Sadato, N., Wachs, J., & Hallett, M. (1995) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199507100-00009 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-stimulation of hippocampus in rats.
Ursin, R., Ursin, H., & Olds, J. (1966) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0023253 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Distinct Frontal Regions for Processing Sentence Syntax and Story Grammar
Angela Sirigu, B., Cohen, L., Zalla, T., Pradat-Diehl, P., van Eeckhout, P., Grafman, J. H., & Agid, Y. (1998) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70780-9 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-organising Cognitive Appraisals
Lewis, M. D. (1996) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999396380367 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Emotions as Viewed by Psychoanalysis and Neuroscience: An Exercise in Consilience
Panksepp, J. (1999) · Neuropsychoanalysis · doi:10.1080/15294145.1999.10773241 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Human nature : a critical reader
Betzig, L. L. (1997) · Oxford University Press eBooks · Cited by 97 · see citing works
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Self-referential processing in our brain—A meta-analysis of imaging studies on the self
Northoff, G., Heinzel, A., de Greck, M., Bermpohl, F., Dobrowolny, H., & Panksepp, J. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.12.002 · Cited by 2,792 · see citing works
Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex in addiction: neuroimaging findings and clinical implications
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Emotion and motivation I: Defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing.
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KRINGELBACH, M. (2004) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.03.006 · Cited by 1,977 · see citing works
The Orbitofrontal Cortex and Reward
Rolls, E. T. (2000) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/10.3.284 · Cited by 1,595 · see citing works
Self-citationAssessment of positive emotions in animals to improve their welfare
Boissy, A., Manteuffel, G., Jensen, M. B., Moe, R. O., Spruijt, B., Keeling, L. J., Winckler, C., Forkman, B., Dimitrov, I., Langbein, J., et al. (2007) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.02.003 · Cited by 1,486 · see citing works
The functions of the orbitofrontal cortex
Rolls, E. T. (2004) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0278-2626(03)00277-x · Cited by 1,327 · see citing works
Self-citationAttending to the present: mindfulness meditation reveals distinct neural modes of self-reference
Farb, N. A. S., Segal, Z. V., Mayberg, H., Bean, J., McKeon, D., Fatima, Z., & Anderson, A. K. (2007) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsm030 · Cited by 1,307 · see citing works
Alcohol: Effects on Neurobehavioral Functions and the Brain
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See it with feeling: affective predictions during object perception
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Dalgleish, T. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.2.228 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
The orbitofrontal cortex: reward, emotion and depression
Rolls, E. T., Cheng, W., & Feng, J. (2020) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcaa196 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
Self-citationFunctional neuroimaging studies of human emotions
Phan, K. L., Wager, T. D., Taylor, S. F., & Liberzon, I. (2004) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900009196 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Fear is only as deep as the mind allows
Diekhof, E. K., Geier, K., Falkai, P., & Gruber, O. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.05.073 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Short-term emotion assessment in a recall paradigm
Chanel, G., Kierkels, J. J. M., Soleymani, M., & Pun, T. (2009) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2009.03.005 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Gabrys, R. L., Tabri, N., Anisman, H., & Matheson, K. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02219 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
“…(cognitive) flexibility play a fundamental role in the ability to adapt to continuously changing environments and have been associated with various goaloriented behaviors, including creativity, problem-solving, multi-tasking, and decision-making (Rolls, 2000; Ionescu, 2012; Dajani and Uddin, 2015).”
BackgroundTowards a sensorimotor aesthetics of performing art
Calvo-Merino, B., Jola, C., Glaser, D. E., & Haggard, P. (2008) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2007.11.003 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Processing Faces and Facial Expressions
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Damage to Association Fiber Tracts Impairs Recognition of the Facial Expression of Emotion
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Psychopathology and pathophysiology of the self in depression-Neuropsychiatric hypothesis
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Do low levels of stress reactivity signal poor states of health?
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Involvement of Sensory Regions in Affective Experience: A Meta-Analysis
Satpute, A. B., Kang, J., Bickart, K. C., Yardley, H., Wager, T. D., & Barrett, L. F. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01860 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Reward Processing in Adolescent Depression Across Neuroimaging Modalities: A Review
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Yacubian, J., & Büchel, C. (2009) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.05.015 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Emotion, higher-order syntactic thoughts, and consciousness
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Milak, M. S., Keilp, J., Parsey, R. V., Oquendo, M. A., Malone, K. M., & Mann, J. J. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.03.002 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Kocsis, A., & Newbury-Helps, J. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0506-z · Cited by 19 · see citing works
- Authors
- Rolls, E. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Rolls, Edmund T.
- ORCID
- Rolls, Edmund T.
- Venue
- Behavioral and Brain Sciences
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2000-04
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 177-191
- ISSN
- 0140-525X (ISSN-L)
- 1469-1825
- OpenAlex
- W2165527701
- Cited by
- 397
- References
- 237
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 8.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behavioral and Brain Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- emotions, reward, punishment, reinforcement, theory of consciousness, pleasure, artificial neural networks, motivation, evolutionary fitness, addiction, thirst, sexual behavior, brain stimulation reward
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Amygdala, Brain, Consciousness, Dopamine, Humans, Motivation, Psychological Theory, Punishment, Reinforcement, Psychology, Reward
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