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Eyeglasses-based tear biosensing system: Non-invasive detection of alcohol, vitamins and glucose
Open accessAbstract
We report on a wearable tear bioelectronic platform, integrating a microfluidic electrochemical detector into an eyeglasses nose-bridge pad, for non-invasive monitoring of key tear biomarkers. The alcohol-oxidase (AOx) biosensing fluidic system allowed real-time tear collection and direct alcohol measurements in stimulated tears, leading to the first wearable platform for tear alcohol monitoring. Placed outside the eye region this fully wearable tear-sensing platform addresses drawbacks of sensor systems involving direct contact with the eye as the contact lenses platform. Integrating the wireless electronic circuitry into the eyeglasses frame thus yielded a fully portable, convenient-to-use fashionable sensing device. The tear alcohol sensing concept was demonstrated for monitoring of alcohol intake in human subjects over multiple drinking courses, displaying good correlation to parallel BAC measurements. We also demonstrate for the first time the ability to monitor tear glucose outside the eye and the utility of wearable devices for monitoring vitamin nutrients in connection to enzymatic flow detector and rapid voltammetric scanning, respectively. These developments pave the way to build an effective eyeglasses system capable of chemical tear analysis.
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“Despite some efforts, several challenges remain, such as difficulty in sampling tears, small sample volumes, issues with fast evaporation, dependence of tear composition on emotional or mechanical stimulation, and reliable operation of fully integrated wireless sensing platforms [126,152].”
From The emergence of AI-based wearable sensors for digital health technology: a review (2023) · cites this paper as [152]
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“In one of the most recent works, Sempionatto et al. [152] used a non-invasive wearable tear biosensor system mounted on eyeglasses for real-time monitoring of different analytes, including alcohol, vitamins such as vitamin B2 and B6, and glucose in tears (Figure 6c).”
From The emergence of AI-based wearable sensors for digital health technology: a review (2023) · cites this paper as [152]
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“The microfluidic NPG sensor exhibited accurate and continuous monitoring of the sweat glucose level with high selectivity and sensitivity (i.e., 253.4 μA/cm2/mM), mechanical PDMS polydimethylsiloxane, GOx glucose oxidase, DLC diamond-like carbon, SPCE screen-printed carbon electrode, FCA ferrocenecarboxylic acid, CONS…”
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Liquid Metal–Polymer Conductor-Based Conformal Cyborg Devices
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Lab on the eye: A review of tear-based wearable devices for medical use and health management
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Laser-enabled flexible electrochemical sensor on finger for fast food security detection
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Plasmonic contact lens materials for glucose sensing in human tears
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Non-invasive wearable electrochemical sensors for continuous glucose monitoring
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Intelligent fibers and textiles for wearable biosensors
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Electrochemical Sensor for Biological Samples Monitoring
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“The composition of tears is less complex than that of blood; however, they contain various biomarkers secreted intracellularly or pas - sively leached from blood plasma in the form of low-weight compounds [ 69].”
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Tear-Based Ocular Wearable Biosensors for Human Health Monitoring
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Minimally and non-invasive glucose monitoring: the road toward commercialization
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Wearable biomolecular sensing nanotechnologies in chronic disease management
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“At the population level, these sensors provide real-world insights that inform public health strategies by integrating lifestyle, environmental and genetic data (https://www.joinallofus.org/wear-study).”
Ketone bodies detection: Wearable and mobile sensors for personalized medicine and nutrition
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“These sensing devices have been developed in diverse forms, such as temporary tattoos 3,4 , wristbands 5,6 , bandages 7,8 , textiles 9,10 , face masks 11,12 , eyeglasses 13,14 , contact lenses 15,16 , mouthguard 17,18 and microneedles 19 , enabling access to bio-fl uids for on-body analysis.”
Implantable bioelectronics and wearable sensors for kidney health and disease
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“Advances in micro-fluidics and engineering of biocompatible soft materials have led to the development of integrated contact lenses 82–93 , eyeglasses 94,95 and tear patches 96 as wearable tear sensors.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Sempionatto, J. R., Brazaca, L. C., García-Carmona, L., Bolat, G., Campbell, A. S., Martin, A., Tang, G., Shah, R., Mishra, R. K., Kim, J., Zucolotto, V., Escarpa, A., & Wang, J.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Universidad de Alcalá (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Joseph
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-07
- Volume
- 137
- Pages
- 161-170
- ISSN
- 0956-5663 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8372769
- OpenAlex
- W2944569697
- Cited by
- 315
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 5
- FWCI
- 11.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Defense Threat Reduction Agency Joint Science
- Technology Office for Chemical and Biological Defense (HDTRA 1-16-1-0013)
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (216981/2014-0)
- Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) (2017/03779-0)
- University of Alcala
- Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK 2219)
- NIH NIAAA T32 (AA013525)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biosensors and Analytical Detection
- Keywords
- spectacle, wearable sensors, alcohol detection, alcohol oxidase, tear glucose, non-invasive monitoring, blood alcohol concentration, wireless devices
- MeSH terms
- Wearable Electronic Devices, Alcohols, Eyeglasses, Glucose, Humans, Monitoring, Physiologic, Tears, Vitamins, Biosensing Techniques
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