Wearable salivary uric acid mouthguard biosensor with integrated wireless electronics
Open accessAbstract
This article demonstrates an instrumented mouthguard capable of non-invasively monitoring salivary uric acid (SUA) levels. The enzyme (uricase)-modified screen printed electrode system has been integrated onto a mouthguard platform along with anatomically-miniaturized instrumentation electronics featuring a potentiostat, microcontroller, and a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) transceiver. Unlike RFID-based biosensing systems, which require large proximal power sources, the developed platform enables real-time wireless transmission of the sensed information to standard smartphones, laptops, and other consumer electronics for on-demand processing, diagnostics, or storage. The mouthguard biosensor system offers high sensitivity, selectivity, and stability towards uric acid detection in human saliva, covering the concentration ranges for both healthy people and hyperuricemia patients. The new wireless mouthguard biosensor system is able to monitor SUA level in real-time and continuous fashion, and can be readily expanded to an array of sensors for different analytes to enable an attractive wearable monitoring system for diverse health and fitness applications.
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A wireless mouthguard biosensor used by Kim et al. detects uric acid to prevent diseases such as hyperuricemia, gout, and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.
“Wearable saliva biosensors can have different configurations, such as a wireless mouthguard biosensor used by Kim et al. [156] to detect uric acid to prevent diseases such as hyperuricemia, gout, and Lesch–Nyhan syndrome.”
From The emergence of AI-based wearable sensors for digital health technology: a review (2023) · cites this paper as [156]
The authors' group demonstrated a mouthguard-based uric acid biosensor that incorporated anatomically miniaturized instrumentation electronics featuring a potentiostat, microcontroller, and a Bluetooth low energy (BLE) transceiver for monitoring salivary uric acid levels toward clinical applications.
“We (J.K., J.W. et al.)36 have further continued development of oral-cavity sensors by demonstrating a mouthguard-based uric acid biosensor that incorporated anatomically miniaturized instrumentation electronics featuring a potentiostat, microcontroller, and a Bluetooth low energy (BLE) transceiver for monitoring salivary uric acid levels toward clinical applications (Fig. 6a).”
From Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
The mouthguard uric acid platform enables non-invasive monitoring of blood uric acid levels, which is a biomarker for various diseases (e.g., hyperuricemia, gout and renal syndrome), and it displays highly sensitive, selective, stable and rapid response toward obtaining dynamic chemical data on salivary biomarkers in the oral cavity.
“This platform enables non-invasive monitoring of blood uric acid levels, which is a biomarker for various diseases (e.g., hyperuricemia, gout and renal syndrome), and it displays highly sensitive, selective, stable and rapid response toward obtaining dynamic chemical data on salivary biomarkers in the oral cavity.”
From Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
The efficacy of the salivary UA biosensor was successfully assessed in artificial saliva, undiluted human saliva, and in a hyperuricemia patient with and without medication control.
“The efficacy of the biosensor was successfully assessed in artificial saliva, undiluted human saliva, and in a hyperuricemia patient with and without medication control.”
From Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete (2019) · cites this paper as [15]
The untreated hyperuricemia patient showed a sustained high-SUA level for 5 h.
“The untreated hyperuricemia patient showed a sustained high-SUA level for 5 h (Fig. 1e).”
From Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete (2019) · cites this paper as [15]
Several research groups have recently developed mechanically flexible and fully integrated wearable sweat sensors for analysis of biofluid metabolites and electrolytes and pH sensing.
“Several research groups have recently developed mechanically flexible and fully integrated wearable sweat sensors (in wristband, temporary tattoo, eyeglasses, mouthguard) for analysis of biofluid metabolites and electrolytes (e.g., glucose, lactate, sodium, potassium) and pH sensing [156-160].”
From Wearables and the Medical Revolution (2018) · cites this paper as [160]
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- Authors
- Kim, J., Imani, S., de Araujo, W. R., Warchall, J., Valdés-Ramírez, G., Paixão, T. R. L. C., Mercier, P. P., & Wang, J.
- Affiliations
- University of California System (US)
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Mercier, Patrick P.
- Wang, Joseph
- Venue
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-12
- Volume
- 74
- Pages
- 1061-1068
- ISSN
- 0956-5663 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4718709
- OpenAlex
- W1034491903
- Cited by
- 678
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 83 · 2023: 74 · 2022: 95 · 2021: 84 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 14.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering of NIH (R21EB019698)
- Air Force Research Laboratory (through the FlexTech Consortium -LTR SUBK
- FAPESP-BEPE (2014/00788-0)
- NSF Graduate Research Fellowship (DGE-1144086)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Bioengineering › Analytical Chemistry and Sensors
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques
- Keywords
- salivary uric acid, uric acid biosensor, mouthguards, wearable biosensors, uricase, screen-printed electrodes, wireless devices, Bluetooth Low Energy, hyperuricemia, real-time monitoring, non-invasive monitoring, potentiostat, microcontroller
- MeSH terms
- Computer Communication Networks, Conductometry, Equipment Design, Humans, Mouth Protectors, Saliva, Sensitivity and Specificity, Uric Acid, Reproducibility of Results, Biosensing Techniques, Systems Integration, Monitoring, Ambulatory, Equipment Failure Analysis, Hyperuricemia, Wireless Technology
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