Effects of sleep restriction periods on serum cortisol levels in healthy men
Abstract
Objectives To clarify effects of partial sleep deprivation (SD) on morning (07:00) serum cortisol concentrations in two protocols that restricted sleep to 3h/day in healthy adult men. The study was also designed to delineate the relationship between anxiety levels in the morning and slow wave sleep (SWS) periods at night.Methods Ten young adult Han Chinese males were recruited to participate in an 'earlier-night' sleep restriction (SR) period (sleep from 00:00 to 03:00) and then a 'later-night' SR period (sleep from 03:00 to 06:00). The duration of each SR period was 4 days, followed by a recovery night. The SR periods were separated by 10 days of normal sleep. Blood samples of serum cortisol were drawn at 07:00 during each of two SR periods for six consecutive mornings (for a total of 12 measurements per subject), and anxiety levels were also assessed over the same period by the State portion of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Sleeping processes were monitored by polysomnogram.Results Serum cortisol levels decreased after SR (P<0.05) in both paradigms, with greater decreases evident after later-night sleep loss than after earlier-night sleep loss. Cortisol levels were significantly, negatively correlated to the number of days of earlier-night SR, but not to later-night SR. Anxiety scores increased gradually in both conditions. The time of SWS changed indiscriminately in both paradigms. Cortisol levels returned to baseline after one night of recovery sleep.Conclusions Cortisol decreased in both SR conditions, especially in the earlier-night SR protocol, even though SWS time and anxiety levels changed roughly in the same manner in both conditions. Data suggested that sleep loss at different times of the night affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA-axis) differentially.
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In studies of partial sleep deprivation (3-4 hours in bed per night) with delayed bedtimes or advanced wake times, decreased morning cortisol levels were observed in men and women.
“In other studies of partial sleep deprivation (3–4 hours in bed per night) where bedtimes were either delayed or wake times were advanced, decreased morning cortisol levels were observed in men [84, 85] and women [45].”
From Association between sleep deficiency and cardiometabolic disease: implications for health disparities (2016) · cites this paper as [84]
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- Authors
- Wu, H., Zhao, Z., Stone, W. S., Huang, L., Zhuang, J., He, B., Zhang, P., & Li, Y.
- Affiliations
- Second Military Medical University (CN)
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zhao, Zhongxin
- Venue
- Brain Research Bulletin
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-11
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 241-245
- ISSN
- 0361-9230 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2084710137
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 3.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain Research Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- sleep restriction, serum cortisol, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, anxiety, slow-wave sleep, sleep timing, recovery sleep, circadian rhythm, healthy men
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Circadian Rhythm, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Male, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Sleep Deprivation, Polysomnography, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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