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Cited by 89Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychological Treatments and AssessmentsBody Image and Dysmorphia Studies

Social anxiety and the effects of negative self-imagery on emotion, cognition, and post-event processing

Makkar, Steve R., Grisham, Jessica R.·2011·Behaviour Research and Therapy
DOI 10.1016/j.brat.2011.07.004
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Abstract

Numerous studies have shown that social phobia patients experience negative self-impressions or images during social situations. Clark and Wells (1995) posited that such negative self-images are involved in the maintenance of social phobia. Thus, the present study investigated the effects of negative self-imagery on cognition and emotion during and following a brief social situation. Specifically, high and low socially anxious participants (N = 77) were instructed to hold either a negative or control self-image as they engaged in a brief speech. Participants then rated their anxiety, performance, cognitions, and focus of attention. Twenty-four hours later, they returned to the laboratory and completed questionnaires assessing the amount of post-event processing (PEP) they engaged in. The results showed that, irrespective of the level of social anxiety or depressive symptoms, participants that held the negative self-image experienced higher levels of anxiety, were more self-focused, experienced more negative thoughts, rated their anxiety as more visible, appraised their performance more negatively, and engaged in more negative and less positive PEP than participants that held the control self-image. Collectively the results indicate that negative imagery is causally involved in the maintenance of social phobia, as well as in the generation of social anxiety among non-anxious individuals.

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  • Over time, negative attentional biases in SAD may manifest in a general negative self-concept, greater access to negative self-related imagery in social situations, and heightened access to negative autobiographical memories, serving to maintain the shame-bound sense of self among individuals with SAD.

    “Over time, negative attentional biases in SAD may manifest in a general negative self-concept (100), greater access to negative self-related imagery in social situations (101) and heightened access to negative autobiographical memories (102), serving to maintain the shame-bound sense of self among individuals with SAD.”

    From MDMA-Assisted Therapy as a Means to Alter Affective, Cognitive, Behavioral, and Neurological Systems Underlying Social Dysfunction in Social Anxiety Disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [101]

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Authors
Makkar, S. R., & Grisham, J. R.
Affiliations
UNSW Sydney (AU)
Corresponding author
Makkar, Steve R.
ORCID
Venue
Behaviour Research and Therapy
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2011-10
Volume
49
Issue
10
Pages
654-664
ISSN
0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.brat.2011.07.004
OpenAlex
W1979925982
Cited by
89
References
70
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
FWCI
9.07
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
Keywords
social anxiety, social anxiety disorder, post-event processing, self-focus, negative automatic thoughts, speech performance, depressive symptoms, emotion regulation
MeSH terms
Anxiety, Cognition, Emotions, Female, Humans, Introversion, Psychological, Male, Phobic Disorders, Reference Values, Self-Assessment, Social Behavior

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