Recurrent images and early memories in social phobia
Abstract
A recent model [Clark, D. M. & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In R. Heimberg, M. Liebowitz, D. A. Hope & F. R. Schneier (Eds.), Social phobia: diagnosis, assessment and treatment (pp. 69-93). New York: Guildford Press] suggests that a distorted image of one's public self lies at the heart of social phobia. A previous study of spontaneous imagery [Hackmann, A., Surawy, C. & Clark, D. M. (1998) Seeing yourself through others' eyes: a study of spontaneously occurring images in social phobia. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 26, 3-12] confirmed that patients with social phobia frequently report experiencing negative, distorted, observer-perspective images when in anxiety provoking social situations. In the present study, 22 patients with social phobia were given a semistructured interview which aimed to further explore the nature of social phobic imagery. All participants were able to identify negative spontaneous images that were recurrent in the sense that their content appeared to be relatively stable over time and across different feared social situations. Most recurrent images involved several sensory modalities. Most recurrent images were linked to memories of adverse social events that clustered in time around the onset of the disorder. Taken together, the results suggest that in patients with social phobia, early unpleasant experiences may lead to the development of excessively negative images of their social selves that are repeatedly activ…
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In adults with heightened social fears, frequent intrusive social images have been reported that typically contain overly negative self-representations and links to memories of negative social events.
“In adults with heightened social fears, frequent intrusive social images have been reported that typically contain overly negative self-representations and links to memories of negative social events (e.g., Hackmann, Clark, and McManus 2000).”
From Negative Flashforward Imagery in Adolescent Social Anxiety Disorder: A Pilot Study of Imagery Reports and a Short EMDR Intervention. (2024) · cites this paper as Hackmann, Clark, and McManus 2000
The mental imagery reports are consistent with the view that vivid and distressing FF imagery is a common experience in adolescents with SAD.
“The mental imagery reports are consistent with the view that vivid and distressing FF imagery is a common experience in adolescents with SAD”
From Negative Flashforward Imagery in Adolescent Social Anxiety Disorder: A Pilot Study of Imagery Reports and a Short EMDR Intervention. (2024) · cites this paper as Hackmann, Clark, and McManus 2000
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- Authors
- Hackmann, A., Clark, D. M., & McManus, F.
- Affiliations
- Warneford Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hackmann, Ann
- ORCID
- Clark, David M.
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-06
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 601-610
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1992748384
- Cited by
- 489
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 8.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- social anxiety disorder, spontaneous imagery, early memories, negative self-concept, sensory modalities, memory updating
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Cognition, Conditioning, Psychological, Eidetic Imagery, Female, Fluoxetine, Humans, Male, Memory, Periodicity, Phobic Disorders, Time Factors, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
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