Negative self-imagery in social anxiety contaminates social interactions
Abstract
Patients with social phobia report experiencing negative images of themselves performing poorly when in feared social situations. The present study investigates whether such negative self-imagery (based on memory of past social situations) contaminates social interactions. High socially anxious volunteers participated in two conversations with another volunteer (conversational partner). During one conversation, the socially anxious volunteers held in mind a negative self-image, and during the other they held in mind a less negative (control) self-image. As predicted, when holding the negative image the socially anxious volunteers felt more anxious, reported using more safety behaviours, believed that they performed more poorly, and showed greater overestimation of how poorly they came across (relative to ratings by the conversational partner). Conversational partners rated the socially anxious volunteers' performance as poorer in the negative image condition. Furthermore, the conversation was contaminated since both groups of participants rated its quality as poorer in the negative image condition.
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Although behaviors such as polite smiles, directing gaze downward, restricting speech in conversation, and speaking softly may serve to reduce anxiety in the moment, they have been associated with negative perceptions from observers and decreased willingness among peers to re-engage the individual in conversation in a lab setting, particularly in ambiguous social tasks.
“Although behaviors such as polite smiles, directing gaze downward, restricting speech in conversation, and speaking softly may serve to reduce anxiety in the moment, they have been associated with negative perceptions from observers and decreased willingness among peers to re-engage the individual in conversation in a lab setting, particularly in ambiguous social tasks (130–132).”
From MDMA-Assisted Therapy as a Means to Alter Affective, Cognitive, Behavioral, and Neurological Systems Underlying Social Dysfunction in Social Anxiety Disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [130]
The negative impact of negative imagery on symptoms has been confirmed by empirical findings.
“This negative impact on symptoms has been confirmed by empirical findings (e.g., Hirsch, Meynen, and Clark 2004).”
From Negative Flashforward Imagery in Adolescent Social Anxiety Disorder: A Pilot Study of Imagery Reports and a Short EMDR Intervention. (2024) · cites this paper as Hirsch, Meynen, and Clark 2004
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Menurunkan Kecemasan Sosial melalui Pemaknaan Kisah Hidup
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“…people experience intrusive, vivid, recurrent, and distressing images and memories in which they envision themselves appearing or behaving in embarrassing or socially inappropriate ways (Chiupka et al., 2012; Hackmann et al., 1998, 2000; Hirsch et al., 2004; D. A. Moscovitch et al., 2011, 2018).”
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Tudor, H., Davis, S., Brewin, C. R., & Howell, P. (2013) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2013.06.003 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Hirsch, Meynen, and Clark (2004) found that when socially-anxious individuals held a negative self-image during a conversation they became increasingly apprehensive, reported greater use of safety behaviors, believed they performed more poorly and overestimated how poorly they came across, compared…”
BackgroundMaier, A., Schaitz, C., Kroener, J., Connemann, B. J., & Sosic-Vasic, Z. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00084 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“However, mental images also occur frequently within social phobia, where the individual suffers from negative images of personal failure (27).”
BackgroundBirtel, M. D., & Crisp, R. J. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01771 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Transportability of imagery-enhanced CBT for social anxiety disorder
McEvoy, P. M., Erceg-Hurn, D. M., Barber, K. C., Dupasquier, J. R., & Moscovitch, D. A. (2018) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.05.007 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
McNeill, I. M., Dunlop, P. D., Skinner, T. C., & Morrison, D. L. (2014) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12135 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Voluntary and Involuntary Imagery in Social Anxiety
Homer, S. R., & Deeprose, C. (2017) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465817000017 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“By their very nature, intrusive images are representative of the general phenomenology and possible maintenance mechanisms of social anxiety (e.g. Hirsch et al., 2003; 2004; Hulme et al., 2012), indicating that they may be a beneficial treatment target.”
Nilsson, J.-E., Lundh, L., Faghihi, S., & Roth-Andersson, G. (2011) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.05.004 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Ahn, J.-K., & Kwon, J. (2018) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-018-9918-5 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Pictet, A. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00043 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Vassilopoulos, S. P., & Moberly, N. J. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9481-4 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“…anxiety levels, poorer self and observer ratings of performance, increased bodily perceptions, negative ruminative thinking and the use of safety behaviours (Hirsch et al. 2006b; Hirsch et al. 2004; Makkar and Grisham 2011; Spurr and Stopa 2003; Stopa and Jenkins 2007; Vassilopoulos 2005).”
Background
- Authors
- Hirsch, C., Meynen, T., & Clark, D.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Venue
- Memory
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2004-07
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 496-506
- ISSN
- 0965-8211 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0686
- OpenAlex
- W2164519397
- Cited by
- 216
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 9.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Memory (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (069777)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
- Keywords
- social anxiety, social anxiety disorder, self-image, safety behavior, performance anxiety, overestimation of performance, social interaction
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Anxiety, Communication Barriers, Female, Humans, Imagination, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Psychology, Social, Surveys and Questionnaires, Safety, Self-Assessment, Self Concept, Social Behavior
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