A comparison of emotion regulation strategies in response to craving cognitions: Effects on smoking behaviour, craving and affect in dependent smokers
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Aim The effects of three emotion regulation strategies that targeted smoking-related thoughts were compared on outcomes relevant to smoking cessation.Method Daily smokers applied defusion (n = 25), reappraisal (n = 25) or suppression (n = 23) to thoughts associated with smoking during a cue-induced craving procedure. Smoking behaviour, approach/avoidance behavioural bias, and subjective measures of experiential avoidance, craving, and affect were assessed during the experimental session, with additional behavioural and subjective outcomes assessed at 24 h and seven day follow-up. The influence of baseline group differences in smoking level and nicotine dependence were explored statistically.Results Defusion and reappraisal were associated with greater restraint in smoking behaviour in the immediate post-session period as well as reduction in smoking at seven day follow-up compared to suppression. Relative to suppression, reduced subjective craving was seen in the reappraisal group, and reduced experiential avoidance in the defusion group. Differences in approach/avoidance responses to smoking and neutral cues were observed only between the suppression and reappraisal groups. Although suppression was rated as lower in both credibility and strategy-expectancy compared to defusion and reappraisal, neither credibility nor expectancy mediated the effect of any strategy on changes in levels of smoking.Conclusion Defusion and reappraisal produced similar benefits in smoking-related behavioural outcomes but, relative to suppression, were associated with distinctive outcomes on experiential avoidance and craving. The effects appear to be independent of perceived expectancy and credibility of the different strategies. Overall, the results suggest a role for reappraisal and defusion strategies in the development of psychological treatments for addiction-related disorders.
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Comparisons to active control conditions on craving were more mixed.
“Comparisons to active control conditions on the other hand were more mixed”
From Mindfulness, Acceptance and Defusion Strategies in Smokers: A Systematic Review of Laboratory Studies (2018) · cites this paper as Beadman et al. 2015
Of the four studies that used a suppression condition, none reported any difference in craving compared to the PFM strategy conditions.
“Of the four studies that used a suppression condition (Beadman et al. 2015; Litvin et al. 2012; Rogojanski et al. 2011; Szasz et al. 2012), none reported any difference in craving compared to the PFM strategy conditions”
From Mindfulness, Acceptance and Defusion Strategies in Smokers: A Systematic Review of Laboratory Studies (2018) · cites this paper as Beadman et al. 2015
The overall ES for the suppression comparison was not significant.
“and the overall ES was not significant (k = 3, n = 217; ES = −0.08, 95% CI [−0.38, 0.22], z = 0.52, p = 0.61, based on data from Beadman et al. (2015), Litvin et al. (2012) and Rogojanski et al. (2011))”
From Mindfulness, Acceptance and Defusion Strategies in Smokers: A Systematic Review of Laboratory Studies (2018) · cites this paper as Beadman et al. 2015
Amongst studies involving a psychological/physical challenge, only one assessed compliance with strategy instructions by retrospectively eliciting information from participants on strategy use.
“only one (Beadman et al. 2015) assessed compliance with strategy instructions by retrospectively eliciting information from participants on strategy use”
From Mindfulness, Acceptance and Defusion Strategies in Smokers: A Systematic Review of Laboratory Studies (2018) · cites this paper as Beadman et al. 2015
Two studies examined meta-cognitive/affective outcomes relevant to smoking that were considered to constitute PFM-consistent outcomes.
“Two studies examined meta-cognitive/affective outcomes relevant to smoking (Beadman et al. 2015; Nosen and Woody 2013) that were considered to constitute PFM-consistent outcomes (Table 1).”
From Mindfulness, Acceptance and Defusion Strategies in Smokers: A Systematic Review of Laboratory Studies (2018) · cites this paper as Beadman et al. 2015
When mean ESs were examined, there was no significantly superior effect of PFM strategies relative to active controls.
“active controls (Beadman et al. 2015; Bowen and Marlatt 2009; k = 2, n = 150; ES = −0.25, 95% CI [−0.57, 0.07], z = 1.53, p = 0.13)”
From Mindfulness, Acceptance and Defusion Strategies in Smokers: A Systematic Review of Laboratory Studies (2018) · cites this paper as Beadman et al. 2015
Only the PFM strategy group's levels of experiential avoidance were significantly lower than the suppression control in Beadman et al. (2015).
“but only the PFM strategy group’s levels of experiential avoidance were significantly lower than the suppression control (Beadman et al. 2015)”
From Mindfulness, Acceptance and Defusion Strategies in Smokers: A Systematic Review of Laboratory Studies (2018) · cites this paper as Beadman et al. 2015
Both studies showed effects favouring the PFM strategy compared to inactive or suppression controls.
“Both showed effects favouring the PFM strategy compared to inactive (Nosen and Woody 2013) or suppression controls (Beadman et al. 2015).”
From Mindfulness, Acceptance and Defusion Strategies in Smokers: A Systematic Review of Laboratory Studies (2018) · cites this paper as Beadman et al. 2015
Beadman et al. (2015) found that the PFM and active control groups (reappraisal) showed similar reductions in smoking-related experiential avoidance.
“Beadman et al. (2015) found that the PFM and active control groups (reappraisal) showed similar reductions in smoking-related experiential avoidance”
From Mindfulness, Acceptance and Defusion Strategies in Smokers: A Systematic Review of Laboratory Studies (2018) · cites this paper as Beadman et al. 2015
Four studies reported similar changes in craving in the PFM strategy and active control conditions.
“Four studies reported similar changes in craving in the PFM strategy and active control conditions (Beadman et al. 2015; Bowen and Marlatt 2009; Ussher et al. 2009; Ussher et al. 2006).”
From Mindfulness, Acceptance and Defusion Strategies in Smokers: A Systematic Review of Laboratory Studies (2018) · cites this paper as Beadman et al. 2015
Beadman et al. (2015) did not find any difference between active control (reappraisal) and PFM strategy (defusion) on acute craving.
“whilst Beadman et al. (2015) did not find any difference between active control (reappraisal) and PFM strategy (defusion) on acute craving”
From Mindfulness, Acceptance and Defusion Strategies in Smokers: A Systematic Review of Laboratory Studies (2018) · cites this paper as Beadman et al. 2015
Three of the five studies that examined self-reported smoking behaviour during follow-up (7-14 days) reported significant reductions following the PFM strategy relative to a suppression, active or inactive control.
“Three of the five studies that examined self-reported smoking behaviour during follow-up (7–14 days) reported significant reductions following the PFM strategy relative to a suppression (Beadman et al. 2015), active (Bowen and Marlatt 2009) or inactive control (Ruscio et al. 2016).”
From Mindfulness, Acceptance and Defusion Strategies in Smokers: A Systematic Review of Laboratory Studies (2018) · cites this paper as Beadman et al. 2015
Beadman et al. (2015) reported a reduction in experiential avoidance following defusion (but not after reappraisal).
“the same study reported a reduction in experiential avoidance following defusion (but not after reappraisal)”
From Mindfulness, Acceptance and Defusion Strategies in Smokers: A Systematic Review of Laboratory Studies (2018) · cites this paper as Beadman et al. 2015
Beadman et al. (2015) found that despite attempting to match instructions closely for experimental (defusion), active-control (reappraisal) and suppression-control conditions, participants rated the suppression condition as significantly less credible.
“Indeed, Beadman et al. (2015) found that despite attempting to match instructions closely for experimental (defusion), active-control (reappraisal) and suppression-control conditions, participants rated the suppression condition as significantly less credible.”
From Mindfulness, Acceptance and Defusion Strategies in Smokers: A Systematic Review of Laboratory Studies (2018) · cites this paper as Beadman et al. 2015
With the exception of Beadman et al. (2015), no study provided explicit differential hypotheses regarding the effects of PFM versus active control strategies on behaviour and craving.
“However, it should be noted that with the exception of Beadman et al. (2015), no study provided explicit differential hypotheses regarding the effects of PFM versus active control strategies on behaviour and craving.”
From Mindfulness, Acceptance and Defusion Strategies in Smokers: A Systematic Review of Laboratory Studies (2018) · cites this paper as Beadman et al. 2015
Another study, whilst providing explicit differential hypotheses for reappraisal and defusion, based on emotion regulation and ACT theories, respectively, nonetheless described both as emotion regulation strategies.
“Another study, whilst providing explicit differential hypotheses for reappraisal and defusion, based on emotion regulation and ACT theories, respectively, nonetheless described both as emotion regulation strategies (Beadman et al. 2015).”
From Mindfulness, Acceptance and Defusion Strategies in Smokers: A Systematic Review of Laboratory Studies (2018) · cites this paper as Beadman et al. 2015
This dissociation of effects is in line with both the process model of emotion regulation and PFM theory.
“a dissociation of effects that are in line with both the process model of emotion regulation and PFM theory (Beadman et al. 2015)”
From Mindfulness, Acceptance and Defusion Strategies in Smokers: A Systematic Review of Laboratory Studies (2018) · cites this paper as Beadman et al. 2015
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- Authors
- Beadman, M., Das, R. K., Freeman, T. P., Scragg, P., West, R., & Kamboj, S. K.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Kamboj, Sunjeev K.
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-06
- Volume
- 69
- Pages
- 29-39
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1989495364
- Cited by
- 45
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 4.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- discovery.ucl.ac.uk
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Cancer Research UK
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, craving, defusion, cognitive reappraisal, thought suppression, nicotine dependence, smoking cessation, experiential avoidance, approach-avoidance bias, cue-induced craving
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Cues, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Smoking, Social Control, Formal, Tobacco Use Disorder, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Smoking Cessation, Young Adult, Craving
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