Development and Validation of an Internationally Reliable Short-Form of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)
Abstract
This article reports the development and validation of a 10-item international Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) Short Form (I-PANAS-SF) in English. A qualitative study ( N = 18) and then an exploratory quantitative study ( N = 407), each using informants from a range of cultural backgrounds, were used to identify systematically which 10 of the original 20 PANAS items to retain or remove. A same-sample retest study ( N = 163) was used in an initial examination of the new 10-item international PANAS's psychometric properties and to assess its correlation with the full, 20-item, original PANAS. In a series of further validation studies ( N = 1,789), the cross-sample stability, internal reliability, temporal stability, cross-cultural factorial invariance, and convergent and criterion-related validities of the I-PANAS-SF were examined and found to be psychometrically acceptable.
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The short PANAS used had acceptable psychometric properties in this sample, with Cronbach's alpha of .69 for positive affect and .62 for negative affect, considered fair given the small sample and number of items.
“The version of the PANAS adopted here comes with excellent psychometric properties (Thompson 2007).”
From Adolescents’ dual affective response to dance in training, grading, and competition (2020) · cites this paper as Thompson 2007
Items measuring the construct Affect were based on the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule and Stress items were based on the General Health Questionnaire.
“items measuring the construct Affect were based on the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule [49] and Stress items were based on the General Health Questionnaire [48]”
From Discriminant content validity of a theoretical domains framework questionnaire for use in implementation research (2014) · cites this paper as [49]
The study used reliable and valid self-reported questionnaires (PANAS and PHQ-4).
“The immediate psychological consequences of the confinement were examined with reliable and valid self-reported questionnaires, which included the 10-item Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) [15] and the 4-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4) [16].”
From The psychological impacts of a COVID-19 outbreak on college students in China: a longitudinal study (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
Pre- and post-exposure mood was assessed using the International-Positive and Negative Affect ScaleShort Form.
“Pre- and post-exposure mood was assessed using the International-Positive and Negative Affect ScaleShort Form (Thompson, 2007)”
From Add a comment … how fitspiration and body positive captions attached to social media images influence the mood and body esteem of young female Instagram users (2020) · cites this paper as Thompson, 2007
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Shaabani, F., Naderi, A., Borella, E., & Calmeiro, L. (2020) · Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology · doi:10.1037/spy0000201 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Does humble leadership behavior promote employees’ voice behavior?—A dual mediating model
Liu, C. (2016) · Open Journal of Business and Management · doi:10.4236/ojbm.2016.44071 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“3) Positive emotion is based on the scale of Thompson [16] adaptation of Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), a total of 10 items, five items were measuring positive affects (decisive, active, attention, alertness, encouraged).”
MethodOliver, E. J., Markland, D., & Hardy, J. (2010) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1348/000709909x477215 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Affective Reactivity Mediates an Inverse Relation Between Mindfulness and Anxiety
Ostafin, B. D., Brooks, J. J., & Laitem, M. (2014) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-013-0206-x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
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Beyond Intrinsic Motivation: The Role of Autonomous Motivation in User Experience
Bennett, D., & Mekler, E. D. (2024) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3689044 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Leaberry, K. D., Rosen, P. J., Fogleman, N. D., Walerius, D. M., & Slaughter, K. E. (2020) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054717734647 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Van der Gucht, K., Glas, J., De Haene, L., Kuppens, P., & Raes, F. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01336-5 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
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Hamrick, A. B., Paterson, T. A., Michaelis, T. L., Murnieks, C. Y., & Petrou, P. (2023) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2023.106327 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Short-term mindfulness practice attenuates reward prediction errors signals in the brain
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Radically open dialectical behaviour therapy for refractory depression: the RefraMED RCT
Lynch, T. R., Hempel, R. J., Whalley, B., Byford, S., Chamba, R., Clarke, P., Clarke, S., Kingdon, D., O’Mahen, H., Remington, B., et al. (2018) · Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation · doi:10.3310/eme05070 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Positive emotions, coping strategies and ego-resiliency: a mediation model
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Shelley: A Crowd-sourced Collaborative Horror Writer
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Chinese validation of the Brief Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (BEAQ) in college students
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Presence and Characteristics of Disordered Eating and Orthorexia in Irritable Bowel Syndrome
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Biobehavioral Assessments in BACPAC: Recommendations, Rationale, and Methods
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Mapping of Pituitary Stress-Induced Gene Regulation Connects Nrcam to Negative Emotions
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Effects of exercise self-schema on reactions to self-relevant feedback
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Adolescents’ dual affective response to dance in training, grading, and competition
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- Authors
- Thompson, E. R.
- Affiliations
- Ritsumeikan University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Thompson, Edmund R.
- ORCID
- Thompson, Edmund R.
- Venue
- Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2007-03
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 227-242
- ISSN
- 0022-0221 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-5422
- OpenAlex
- W2108846476
- Cited by
- 2,399
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 206 · 2025: 244 · 2024: 228 · 2023: 253 · 2022: 204 · 2021: 227 · 2020: 186 · 2019: 133 · 2018: 130 · 2017: 120 · 2016: 89 · 2015: 90 · 2014: 78 · 2013: 66 · 2012: 55
- FWCI
- 24.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- PANAS, positive and negative affect, emotion measurement, scale development, cross-cultural invariance, measurement invariance, temporal stability, convergent validity, criterion validity, international validation, short-form questionnaire
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