A systematic review of AI education in K–12 classrooms from 2018 to 2023: Topics, strategies, and learning outcomes

The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews

Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2021.105906 · Cited by 11,748 · see citing works

The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews

Page, M. J., McKenzie, J., Bossuyt, P., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T., mulrow, C., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J., Akl, E., Brennan, S. E., et al. (2020) · doi:10.31222/osf.io/v7gm2_v1 · Cited by 8,090 · see citing works

Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education – where are the educators?

Zawacki-Richter, O., Marín, V. I., Bond, M., & Gouverneur, F. (2019) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0 · Cited by 7,242 · see citing works

Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions

Higgins, J. P. T., Green, S., & Ben Van Den, A. (2020) · International Coaching Psychology Review · doi:10.53841/bpsicpr.2020.15.2.123 · Cited by 5,670 · see citing works

Artificial intelligence in higher education: the state of the field

Crompton, H., & Burke, D. (2023) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-023-00392-8 · Cited by 2,010 · see citing works

Explainable AI: From black box to glass box

Rai, A. (2020) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-019-00710-5 · Cited by 1,317 · see citing works

The promises and challenges of artificial intelligence for teachers: A systematic review of research

Celik, I., Dindar, M., Muukkonen, H., & Järvelä, S. (2022) · TechTrends · doi:10.1007/s11528-022-00715-y · Cited by 984 · see citing works

Envisioning AI for K-12: What Should Every Child Know about AI?

Touretzky, D., Gardner-McCune, C., Martin, F., & Seehorn, D. (2019) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33019795 · Cited by 918 · see citing works

Explainable Artificial Intelligence in education

Khosravi, H., Shum, S. B., Chen, G., Conati, C., Tsai, Y.-S., Kay, J., Knight, S., Martinez-Maldonado, R., Sadiq, S., & Gašević, D. (2022) · Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100074 · Cited by 863 · see citing works

Artificial intelligence in online higher education: A systematic review of empirical research from 2011 to 2020

Ouyang, F., Zheng, L., & Jiao, P. (2022) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-022-10925-9 · Cited by 831 · see citing works

A self-determination theory (SDT) design approach for inclusive and diverse artificial intelligence (AI) education

Xia, Q., Chiu, T. K. F., Lee, M., Sanusi, I. T., Dai, Y., & Chai, C. S. (2022) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104582 · Cited by 469 · see citing works

Introduction to systematic reviews

O’Connor, E., Whitlock, E. P., & Spring, B. J. (2011) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e657462011-001 · Cited by 463 · see citing works

A systematic review of conversational AI in language education: focusing on the collaboration with human teachers

Ji, H., Han, I., & Ko, Y. (2023) · Journal of Research on Technology in Education · doi:10.1080/15391523.2022.2142873 · Cited by 394 · see citing works

Analysing the Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Computational Sciences on Student Performance: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

García‐Martínez, I., Fernández‐Batanero, J. M., Cerero, J. F., & León, S. P. (2023) · Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research · doi:10.7821/naer.2023.1.1240 · Cited by 384 · see citing works

Creation and Evaluation of a Pretertiary Artificial Intelligence (AI) Curriculum

Chiu, T. K. F., Meng, H., Chai, C.-S., King, I., Wong, S., & Yam, Y. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Education · doi:10.1109/te.2021.3085878 · Cited by 380 · see citing works

What matters in AI-supported learning: A study of human-AI interactions in language learning using cluster analysis and epistemic network analysis

Wang, X., Liu, Q., Pang, H., Tan, S. C., Lei, J., Wallace, M. P., & Li, L. (2022) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104703 · Cited by 303 · see citing works

Teaching machine learning in K–12 classroom: Pedagogical and technological trajectories for artificial intelligence education

Tedre, M., Toivonen, T., Kahila, J., Vartiainen, H., Valtonen, T., Jormanainen, I., & Pears, A. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3097962 · Cited by 274 · see citing works

A Systematic Review on AI-based Proctoring Systems: Past, Present and Future

Nigam, A., Pasricha, R., Singh, T., & Churi, P. (2021) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-021-10597-x · Cited by 267 · see citing works

Using digital story writing as a pedagogy to develop AI literacy among primary students

Ng, D. T. K., Luo, W., Chan, H. M. Y., & Chu, S. K. W. (2022) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100054 · Cited by 266 · see citing works

Broadening artificial intelligence education in K-12: where to start?

Wong, G. K. W., Ma, X., Dillenbourg, P., & Huan, J. (2020) · ACM Inroads · doi:10.1145/3381884 · Cited by 220 · see citing works

Affordances and challenges of artificial intelligence in K-12 education: a systematic review

Crompton, H., Jones, M. V., & Burke, D. (2024) · Journal of Research on Technology in Education · doi:10.1080/15391523.2022.2121344 · Cited by 213 · see citing works

Creativity and artificial intelligence—a student perspective

Marrone, R., Taddeo, V., & Hill, G. (2022) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence10030065 · Cited by 208 · see citing works

Machine Learning and the Five Big Ideas in AI

Touretzky, D. S., Gardner‐McCune, C., & Seehorn, D. (2022) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.1007/s40593-022-00314-1 · Cited by 188 · see citing works

Children as creators, thinkers and citizens in an AI-driven future

Ali, S., DiPaola, D., Lee, I. A., Sindato, V., Kim, G., Blumofe, R., & Breazeal, C. (2021) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100040 · Cited by 172 · see citing works

Gentle Introduction to Artificial Intelligence for High-School Students Using Scratch

Estévez, J., Garate, G., & Graña, M. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2956136 · Cited by 167 · see citing works

Academic dishonesty and trustworthy assessment in online learning: A systematic literature review

Surahman, E., & Wang, T. (2022) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12708 · Cited by 140 · see citing works

Machine learning for middle schoolers: Learning through data-driven design

Vartiainen, H., Toivonen, T., Jormanainen, I., Kahila, J., Tedre, M., & Valtonen, T. (2021) · International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1016/j.ijcci.2021.100281 · Cited by 135 · see citing works

Implementing artificial intelligence education for middle school technology education in Republic of Korea

Park, W., & Kwon, H. (2023) · International Journal of Technology and Design Education · doi:10.1007/s10798-023-09812-2 · Cited by 131 · see citing works

Lessons Learned for AI Education with Elementary Students and Teachers

Ottenbreit-Leftwich, A., Glazewski, K., Jeon, M., Jantaraweragul, K., Hmelo-Silver, C. E., Scribner, A., Lee, S., Mott, B., & Lester, J. (2023) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.1007/s40593-022-00304-3 · Cited by 120 · see citing works

Explainable artificial intelligence for education and training

Fiok, K., Farahani, F. V., Karwowski, W., & Ahram, T. (2021) · The Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation Applications Methodology Technology · doi:10.1177/15485129211028651 · Cited by 119 · see citing works

Unpacking the "Black Box" of AI in EducationPreprint

Gillani, N., Eynon, R., Chiabaut, C., & Finkel, K. (2022) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.30191/ets.202301_26(1).0008 · Cited by 105 · see citing works

Designing AI Learning Experiences for K-12: Emerging Works, Future Opportunities and a Design Framework

Zhou, X., Van Brummelen, J., & Lin, P. (2020) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2009.10228 · Cited by 104 · see citing works

Exploring middle school students’ common naive conceptions of Artificial Intelligence concepts, and the evolution of these ideas

Kim, K., Kwon, K., Ottenbreit-Leftwich, A. T., Bae, H., & Glazewski, K. D. (2023) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-023-11600-3 · Cited by 102 · see citing works

Exploring the Potential of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Education: Applications, Challenges, and Future Research Directions

Hwang, G.-J., & Chen, N.-S. (2023) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.30191/ets.202304_26(2).0014 · Cited by 98 · see citing works

A systematic literature review of game-based learning in Artificial Intelligence education

Zhan, Z., Tong, Y., Lan, X., & Zhong, B. (2022) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2022.2115077 · Cited by 94 · see citing works

Motivating Students to Learn AI Through Social Networking Sites: A Case Study in Hong Kong

Ng, T. K., & Chu, K. W. (2021) · Online Learning · doi:10.24059/olj.v25i1.2454 · Cited by 80 · see citing works

Teaching Artificial Intelligence to K-12 Through a Role-Playing Game Questioning the Intelligence Concept

Henry, J., Hernalesteen, A., & Collard, A.-S. (2021) · KI - Künstliche Intelligenz · doi:10.1007/s13218-021-00733-7 · Cited by 80 · see citing works

Teaching machine learning in elementary school

Shamir, G., & Levin, I. (2021) · International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1016/j.ijcci.2021.100415 · Cited by 68 · see citing works

High school students exploring machine learning and its societal implications: Opportunities and challenges

Kaspersen, M. H., Bilstrup, K.-E. K., Mechelen, M. V., Hjort, A., Bouvin, N. O., & Petersen, M. G. (2022) · International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1016/j.ijcci.2022.100539 · Cited by 61 · see citing works

Teaching Explainable Artificial Intelligence to High School Students

Alonso, J. M. (2020) · International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems · doi:10.2991/ijcis.d.200715.003 · Cited by 57 · see citing works

Designing a novel teaching platform for <scp>AI</scp>: A case study in a Thai school context

Aung, Z. H., Sanium, S., Songsaksuppachok, C., Kusakunniran, W., Precharattana, M., Chuechote, S., Pongsanon, K., & Ritthipravat, P. (2022) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12706 · Cited by 50 · see citing works

An empirical analysis of high school students' practices of modelling with unstructured data

Jiang, S., Nocera, A., Tatar, C., Yoder, M. M., Chao, J., Wiedemann, K., Finzer, W., & Rosé, C. P. (2022) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13253 · Cited by 47 · see citing works

Development of STEM-Based AI Education Program for Sustainable Improvement of Elementary Learners

Jang, J.-H., Jeon, J., & Jung, S. K. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su142215178 · Cited by 45 · see citing works

What would the matrix do?: a systematic review of K-12 AI learning contexts and learner-interface interactions

Moore, R. L., Jiang, S., & Abramowitz, B. (2022) · Journal of Research on Technology in Education · doi:10.1080/15391523.2022.2148785 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

The Effectiveness of Teacher Support for Students’ Learning of Artificial Intelligence Popular Science Activities

Wu, S.-Y., & Yang, K.-K. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.868623 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

Early Introduction of AI in Spanish Middle Schools. A Motivational Study

Fernández-Martínez, C., Losada, I. H., & Fernández, A. (2021) · K&uuml;nstliche Intell. · doi:10.1007/s13218-021-00735-5 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Neural Network Construction Practices in Elementary School

Shamir, G., & Levin, I. (2021) · K&uuml;nstliche Intell. · doi:10.1007/s13218-021-00729-3 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Deep learning course development and evaluation of artificial intelligence in vocational senior high schools

Tsai, C.-C., Chung, C.-C., Cheng, Y.-M., & Lou, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.965926 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

A case study of using AI for General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) grade prediction in a selective independent school in England

Dénes, G. (2023) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100129 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

A Survey of the Potential Long-term Impacts of AI

Clarke, S., & Whittlestone, J. (2022) · Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI Ethics and Society · doi:10.1145/3514094.3534131 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Nurturing diversity and inclusion in AI in Biomedicine through a virtual summer program for high school students

Oskotsky, T., Bajaj, R., Burchard, J., Cavazos, T. B., Chen, I., Connell, W., Eaneff, S., Grant, T., Kanungo, I., Lindquist, K. J., et al. (2022) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009719 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Not everything helps the same for everyone: relevance of extracurricular activities for academic achievement

Balaguer, Á., Benítez, É., Albertos, A., & Lara, S. (2020) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-020-00573-0 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Applying project‐based learning in artificial intelligence and marine discipline: An evaluation study on a robotic sailboat platform

Lin, X., Liu, H., Sun, Q., Li, X., Qian, H., Sun, Z., & Lam, T. L. (2022) · IET Cyber-Systems and Robotics · doi:10.1049/csy2.12050 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

High school students’ data modeling practices and processes: from modeling unstructured data to evaluating automated decisions

Jiang, S., Tang, H., Tatar, C., Rosé, C. P., & Chao, J. (2023) · Learning Media and Technology · doi:10.1080/17439884.2023.2189735 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Teaching by Induction:Project-Based Learning for Silicon Valley

Jagannathan, R., & Komives, C. F. (2019) · Journal of Engineering Education/Journal of engineering education transformations/Journal of engineering education transformation · doi:10.16920/jeet/2019/v33i1/149003 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Teaching Artificial Intelligence Through the Arts in Beijing

Monteith, B. G., Noyce, P., & Zhang, P. (2022) · The Science Teacher · doi:10.1080/00368555.2022.12293698 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

A systematic review of literature reviews on artificial intelligence in education (AIED): a roadmap to a future research agenda

Mustafa, M. Y., Tlili, A., Lampropoulos, G., Huang, R., Jandrić, P., Zhao, J., Salha, S., Xu, L., Panda, S., Kinshuk, et al. (2024) · Smart Learning Environments · doi:10.1186/s40561-024-00350-5 · Cited by 235 · see citing works

Integrating generative artificial intelligence in K–12 education: Examining teachers’ preparedness, practices, and barriers

Cheah, Y. H., Lu, J., & Kim, J. (2025) · Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2025.100363 · Cited by 134 · see citing works

AI-Powered Educational Agents: Opportunities, Innovations, and Ethical Challenges

Esparza, D. M. C. (2025) · Information · doi:10.3390/info16060469 · Cited by 115 · see citing works

Artificial intelligence literacy education in primary schools: a review

Yim, I. H. Y., & Su, J. (2025) · International Journal of Technology and Design Education · doi:10.1007/s10798-025-09979-w · Cited by 74 · see citing works

AI Literacy in K-12 and Higher Education in the Wake of Generative AI: An Integrative Review

Gu, X., & Ericson, B. J. (2025) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2503.00079 · Cited by 73

AI Literacy in K-12 and Higher Education in the Wake of Generative AI: An Integrative Review

Gu, X., & Ericson, B. J. (2025) · ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER) · doi:10.1145/3702652.3744217 · Cited by 113 · see citing works

The effectiveness of artificial intelligence on English language learning achievement

Xu, T., & Wang, H. Y. (2024) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2024.103428 · Cited by 65 · see citing works

Analyzing K-12 AI education: A large language model study of classroom instruction on learning theories, pedagogy, tools, and AI literacy

Wu, D., Chen, M., Chen, X., & Liu, X. (2024) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100295 · Cited by 50 · see citing works

Fostering responsible AI literacy: A systematic review of K-12 AI ethics education

Ma, M., Ng, D. T. K., Liu, Z., & Wong, G. K. W. (2025) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2025.100422 · Cited by 78 · see citing works

Data Privacy in AI-Driven Education

Ismail, I. A., & Ahmad, D. J. A. S. (2024) · Advances in educational marketing, administration, and leadership book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-5443-8.ch008 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

Pedagogical considerations in the automation era: A systematic literature review of AIEd in K‐12 authentic settings

Topali, P., Haelermans, C., Molenaar, I., & Segers, E. (2025) · British Educational Research Journal · doi:10.1002/berj.4200 · Cited by 53 · see citing works

Exploring the evolution of artificial intelligence in education: from AI-guided learning to learner-personalized paradigms

Kyambade, M., Namatovu, A., & Ssentumbwe, A. M. (2025) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2025.2505297 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

K-12 teachers’ ethical competencies for AI literacy: Insights from a systematic literature review

Tagare, D., Karki, T., & Yu, W. (2025) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2025.105435 · Cited by 46 · see citing works

Task/Technology Fit or Technology Attraction? The Intentions of STEM Teachers to Use AI Technologies for Teaching Innovation

Chen, J., He, X., Ning, Y., Wijaya, T. T., & Liu, J. (2025) · The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher · doi:10.1007/s40299-025-01020-x · Cited by 30 · see citing works

Designing an Inclusive Artificial Intelligence (AI) Curriculum for Elementary Students to Address Gender Differences With Collaborative and Tangible Approaches

Kim, K., & Kwon, K. (2024) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.1177/07356331241271059 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Development of an artificial intelligence curriculum design for children in Taiwan and its impact on learning outcomes

Zhao, H.-G., Li, X., & Kang, X. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-03839-z · Cited by 26 · see citing works

A systematic review of artificial intelligence in high school STEM education research

Akhmetova, A. I., Sovetkanova, D., Lyazzat, K., Abdrakhmanov, A., Yessenuly, D., & Серикова, О. С. (2025) · Eurasia Journal of Mathematics Science and Technology Education · doi:10.29333/ejmste/16222 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Perspectives on AI literacy in Middle School Classrooms: An Integrative Review

Sperling, K., Stenliden, L., Mannila, L., Hällström, J., Nordlöf, C., & Heintz, F. (2025) · Postdigital Science and Education · doi:10.1007/s42438-025-00560-1 · Cited by 39 · see citing works

Constructionism in K-12 AI Literacy Education: A Systematic Review of Pedagogical Designs, Student Outcomes, and Learning Mechanisms

Lin, Z., Dai, Y., & Ng, O. (2025) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.1177/07356331251360442 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Navigating AI Integration in Career and Technical Education: Diffusion Challenges, Opportunities, and Decisions

Sun, J. C., & Pratt, T. L. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14121285 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

AI as a creative partner: a PRISMA review of AI’s role in supporting creativity in education

Urmeneta, A., & Roméro, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1602151 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

A Systematic Review of Generative AI in K–12: Mapping Goals, Activities, Roles, and Outcomes via the 3P Model

Lin, X., & Tan, H. (2025) · Systems · doi:10.3390/systems13100840 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

A systematic and bibliometric review of artificial intelligence in sustainable education: Current trends and future research directions

Abulibdeh, A. O. (2025) · Sustainable Futures · doi:10.1016/j.sftr.2025.101033 · Cited by 34 · see citing works

Understanding the Growth of Artificial Intelligence in Educational Research through Bibliometric Analysis

Delen, İ., Şen, N., Özüdoğru, F., & Biasutti, M. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16166724 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Can critical thinking and AI work together? Observations of science, Mathematics, and language instructors

Panit, N. M. (2025) · Environment and Social Psychology · doi:10.59429/esp.v9i11.3141 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Advancing Inquiry-Based Learning Through Generative AI-Enabled Assessments

Tariq, M. U. (2024) · Advances in educational marketing, administration, and leadership book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-6351-5.ch007 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

“Won’t somebody please (actually) think of the children?” AI Ethics for Children: A Scoping Review

Collyer-Hoar, G., & Rubegni, E. (2025) · ACM Journal on Responsible Computing · doi:10.1145/3745031 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

A Review of AI Tools: Definitions, Functions, and Applications for K-12 Education

Kwid, G., Sarty, N., & Yang, D. (2024) · AI Computer Science and Robotics Technology · doi:10.5772/acrt.20240048 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

ChatGPT to Foster Students’ Engagement in Writing Class: An Intervention Study

Anjarani, S., Furqon, M., & Rakhmawati, F. (2024) · Voices of English Language Education Society · doi:10.29408/veles.v8i3.27687 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

“Who will be left behind?”: A Swedish case of learning AI in vocational education

Metreveli, A., Chen, X., Hedman, A., & Sergeeva, A. (2025) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2025.102697 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Revolutionizing power electronics design through large language models: Applications and future directions

Ibrahim, K. A., Luk, P. C. K., Luo, Z., Ng, S. Y., & Harrison, L. (2025) · Computers & Electrical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.compeleceng.2025.110248 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

From co-design to co-teaching: a comprehensive approach to an integrated AI curriculum in middle school STEM education

Kim, K., & Kwon, K. (2025) · Smart Learning Environments · doi:10.1186/s40561-025-00413-1 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Fostering children's dispositional autonomy and AI understanding through co-designing AI systems: A learning science perspective

Zhu, Y., Johnston, S., Zhu, C., & Li, Y. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2024.103412 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Researching China's Pre‐Service Teachers' Perceptions of AI Education for K‐12: An Elicited Metaphor Analysis

Xing, H., Wen, G. J., & Cortazzi, M. (2025) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/ejed.70079 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Study of an effective machine learning-integrated science curriculum for high school youth in an informal learning setting

Rabinowitz, G. S., Moore, K. S., Ali, S., Weckel, M., Lee, I. A., Gupta, P., & Chaffee, R. (2025) · International Journal of STEM Education · doi:10.1186/s40594-025-00543-5 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

AI–Driven Educational Ecosystems: Integrating Learning Analytics, Adaptive Assessment, and Intelligent Feedback for Sustainable Student Performance

Lampou, R., Noor, M., Vivekanantharasa, R., & Patnaik, S. (2026) · Qubahan Techno Journal · doi:10.48161/qtj.v5n1a80 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

The effects of gamified AI-supported digital learning environments on personalized learning and student engagement in school education: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Niyazova, G. Z., Duisekeyeva, B., Berdi, D., Usembayeva, I. B., & Миндетбаева, А. А. (2026) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1754080 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Think–Pair–Chatbot–Share: AI-Facilitated Peer Learning in Chemistry

Naeyaert, P. J. P., Scarratt, L. R. J., Murphy, T., & Pullen, R. (2025) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.5c00438 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Fostering critical thinkers and future designers: Design fiction pedagogy in AI education

Li, L., & Bertrand, M. G. (2025) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2025.101962 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Balancing Innovation with Ethics: AI Applications for Enhancing Language Competence in Academic Writing and Reading

Kudritskaya, M. I., Анатольевна, П. Н., Kushnina, L. V., Plekhanova, Y., Matytcina, M. S., & Stepanova, M. (2024) · International Conference on Technology Enhanced Learning in Higher Education (TELE) · doi:10.1109/tele62556.2024.10605668 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

A Systematic Review and Analysis on the Potentials and Challenges of GenAI Chatbots in Higher Education

Wangsa, K., Sandu, N., Karim, S., Elkhodr, M., & Gide, E. (2024) · International Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training (ITHET) · doi:10.1109/ithet61869.2024.10837608 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Escape or D13: Understanding Youth Perspectives of AI through Educational Game Co-design

Lim, J. O., Barkhuff, G., Awuah, J., Clyde, S., Sogani, R., Gardner-McCune, C., Touretzky, D., & Uchidiuno, J. O. (2025) · Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3714037 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Enhancing performance factor analysis through skill profile and item similarity integration via an attention mechanism of artificial intelligence

Mehrabi, A., Morphew, J., & Quezada, B. (2024) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1454319 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Öğretmenler Yapay Zekâyı Benimsedi Mi? K-12 Eğitim Sistemlerinden Öğretmen Deneyimlerinin Bir Sentezi

Güngör, İ. C., & Öztürk, T. (2025) · Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.34086/rteusbe.1660052 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

NEUROPEDAGOGÍA DIGITAL

Marín, R. J. C., Leyton, X. G. E., Zarate, C. E. P., & Herrera, E. G. D. (2026) · Revista Multidisciplinar Ciencia y Descubrimiento · doi:10.63816/b89sqx78 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Integration of Artificial Intelligence in K-12: Analysis of a Three-Year Pilot Study

Lišnić, B., Zaharija, G., & Mladenović, S. (2025) · AI · doi:10.3390/ai6030049 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Unveiling teacher identity development: A case study of AI curriculum implementation in a rural middle school computer science class

Kim, K., & Kwon, K. (2025) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2025.105032 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

The effects of AI-based visual instruction on the reading comprehension of students with dyslexia in Saudi Arabia: a single-case experimental study

Alsamani, O. A., & Alsamiri, Y. A. (2026) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1727782 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Artificial intelligence literacy moderating the effects of artificial intelligence use on cognitive outcomes including memory retention decision making and cognitive laziness

Tanveer, M. (2026) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-026-00697-5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

From initial trust to critical reconstruction: upper secondary students’ engagement with generative AI in science learning

Zhou, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1830646 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

The Impact of AI on School Leadership Practices and Policy Enactment: A Scoping Literature Review

Mifsud, D., Campbell, P., & Niesche, R. (2026) · Leadership and Policy in Schools · doi:10.1080/15700763.2026.2679510 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Heterogeneity in AI readiness and its influence on behavioral intentions to use AI: a comparison between pre-service and in-service foreign language teachers

Liang, Y., Jin, S., Chen, T., & Li, N. (2025) · Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.1080/17501229.2025.2565289 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Systems on the Personalized Learning Outcomes for Senior High School Students: A Systematic Review

Tabora, L. A. T., Ampatuan, D. S. I. S., Castaneda, M. A. C., Galinato, E. J. U., & Zulueta, E. E. M. (2024) · International Conference on Frontiers of Educational Technologies (ICFET) · doi:10.1145/3678392.3678393 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

From AI adoption to underperformance? Investigating the impact of interactive AI tools on student outcomes in higher education

Castro-Lopez, A., El Abed, M., Cervero, A., & Álvarez-Blanco, L. (2026) · European Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.1080/21568235.2026.2620686 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Are Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving Skills Enough to Help Prepare Students to Meet the Modern Workforce Demands With Artificial Intelligence?

Martinez, J. A. (2025) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-0502-8.ch006 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Intelligent learning systems in primary and secondary education: a systematic review (2014–2024)

Salazar, E. M. C., & González, D. C. B. (2026) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1720377 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Systematic literature review on artificial intelligence in education (AIED): proposing a conceptual structure

Rosa, A. G., & Yokomizo, C. A. (2026) · Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.1108/aiie-08-2025-0232 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Systems Leadership for AI-Ready Schools

Ismail, M. A. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-7794-0.ch011 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Exploring Automata Theory with an Educational Activity Using Graph Grammar for K-12 Education

da Silva, J. V., da Silva, B. A., Cavalheiro, S. A. D. C., & Foss, L. (2024) · Anais do ... Simpósio Brasileiro de Informática na Educação/Anais do Simpósio Brasileiro de Informática na Educação · doi:10.5753/sbie.2024.242502 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Artificial Intelligence Literacy Test for Early Adolescents: Design Principles, Content Validation, and Pilot Testing

Miao, C., & Zhang, S. (2025) · doi:10.1109/icaie64856.2025.11158179 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Does a student's attendance and a classroom task significantly enhance learning outcomes? Implications of policy in gamely and management education

Soni, V., & Banwet, D. K. (2025) · The International Journal of Management Education · doi:10.1016/j.ijme.2025.101163 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Machine-assisted thematic mapping of AI in education discourse: systematic review from 2005–2024

Kaur, H., & Pavlova, M. S. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-026-07342-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Perspective Chapter: Integrating Space Technology Innovations into Holistic Educational Frameworks – Bridging STEM and Human-Centric Skills

Sarbunan, T. (2025) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1010683 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Optimizing Artificial Intelligence (AI) Cici-Chatbot Teaching Mode on 4 Skills for Future Trends in Sociology Education Landscape at University

Yakin, A. A., Cardoso, L., Matari, A. S. A., Muthmainnah, M., Alnoor, A., & Obaid, A. J. (2025) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-2015-9_13 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

KinderGPT: Promoting Children’s AI Literacy Through Conversational AI – Usability Evaluation and Practical Insights

Pape, R., & Zabolotna, K. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-03873-9_27 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Exploring the Impact of AI ‐generated Image, Story and Song Creations on AI Literacy and Well‐Being Among Older Adults: A Mixed‐Methods Study

Peng, P., Xu, L., Ng, D. T. K., Lee, C. S. Y., & Chu, S. K. W. (2025) · Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/pra2.1337 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Designing the trajectories of variant teaching of the basics of artificial intelligence in the school course of computer science taking into account the possibilities of project-research and extracurricular activities

Karakozov, S. D., & Николаевна, С. Н. (2024) · RUDN Journal of Informatization in Education · doi:10.22363/2312-8631-2024-21-4-448-464 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Bridging Educational Gaps in Low-Resource Classrooms: AI-Enhanced Project-Based Learning for STEM Educators in Africa

Jaya, S., Zaharudin, R., Bhartiya, S. P., & Alomari, M. (2026) · ECNU Review of Education · doi:10.1177/20965311261446194 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Inteligencia Artificial en Educación musical

Caudeli, V. G. (2025) · Revista internacional digital de Artes interdisciplinares y Música · doi:10.67280/ridaim.3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Can Generative AI Support Educators? Creating Learning Paths with PolyGloT

Bucchiarone, A., Gini, F., Bonetti, F., Bassanelli, S., Schiavo, G., Martorella, T., Adami, F., Guidolin, T., & Zambotto, L. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-65691-0_20 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Personalized Learning and Pedagogy

Dubey, P. (2024) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-6130-6.ch004 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

The Integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Educational Setting

Ceylan, M., & Mnzile, J. Y. (2025) · Advances in finance, accounting, and economics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-7036-0.ch017 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

How Do 13–16-Year-Olds Understand AI? A Topic Modeling Study of Swedish Students’ Perceptions

Saarela, M., Mohammed, A. T., Velander, J., & Zerega, R. (2025) · Cognitive Models and Artificial Intelligence Conference (AICCONF) · doi:10.1109/aicconf64766.2025.11064290 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Inclusive Education with AI : Supporting Special Needs and Overcoming Language Barriers

Fortis, A., Villarroya, M., Fazendeiro, P., Expósito, E., & Pedro, N. (2025) · doi:10.1002/9781394352821.ch11 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Socratic AI in K–12 Science Classrooms: Effects on Critical Thinking, Motivation, and Self-Regulation in a Randomized Controlled TrialPreprint

Kao, S., Grant, P., & Woltering, S. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8118546/v1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Understanding AI Literacy Among College Students: Voices from a Historically Black College and University

Threadgill, B., Paudel, S., Bista, K., Gaulee, U., Prime, G., Momoh, V., Anderson, P. C., Gole, R., Sharma, S., Mandal, U., et al. (2026) · Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education · doi:10.32674/w76bnk04 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Fostering AI Literacy in TVET and Professional Development Frameworks for Educators in the 21st Century

Yakin, A. M. A., Muthmainnah, M., Obaid, A. J., Matari, A. S. A., Cardoso, L., & Azar, A. S. (2025) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-1142-5.ch007 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Cultivating Artificial Intelligence Literacy in Computer Science Education: A Systematic Review

Nuder, A., & Dai, C. (2025) · Proceedings. · doi:10.22318/icls2025.113076 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Latest Achievements on the Application of AI in Stem Education

Bratovčić, A. (2025) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-95200-5_33 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

ВАРИАТИВНОЕ ОБУЧЕНИЕ ОСНОВАМ ИСКУССТВЕННОГО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТА В ОБЩЕМ ОБРАЗОВАНИИ НА ОСНОВЕ ИНТЕГРАТИВНОГО ПОДХОДА

Каракозов, С. Д., Николаевна, С. Н., Salakhova, A. A., & Самохвалова, Е. А. (2024) · Московский педагогический государственный университет eBooks · doi:10.31862/9785426314436 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Sustaining Mathematics Education in the AI Era

Akçay, A. O., & Çilingir, E. (2025) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-1998-8.ch009 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Developing Artificial Intelligence Literacy Through Mixed Unplugged and Plugged-in Activities in Primary Education

Ruan, J., Ma, H., Sun, J., Chu, H., Jing, B., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440251336708 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Methodology of multilevel personalized programming teaching in basic school

Николаевна, С. Н., & Андреевич, М. В. (2025) · RUDN Journal of Informatization in Education · doi:10.22363/2312-8631-2025-22-3-268-287 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

From Chalkboards to Chatbots: The Role of Generative AI in Philippine Teacher Education Assessment

Gamusa, E. V., Sim, M. J. C., Medina, J. B., Acut, D. P., Garcia, M. B., & Lahby, M. (2025) · Information systems engineering and management · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05306-0_12 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Análisis de la Docencia Universitaria a Nivel Mundial

Huaman, R. G. R., Zarate-Custodio, D. M., Calderón-Gutiérrez, J. P., & Farro, R. R. C. (2025) · Revista Docentes 2 0 · doi:10.37843/rted.v18i2.682 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Enact-Examine-Extract (E3): an epistemic tool to scaffold upper elementary students’ conceptual and epistemic understanding of artificial intelligence

Yue, M., & Jong, M. S. (2026) · International Journal of STEM Education · doi:10.1186/s40594-026-00604-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Mapping the landscape of artificial intelligence and data literacy in education: A topic modelling and text mining approach

Sun, T., Hu, R., & Yang, N. (2026) · Journal of Research on Technology in Education · doi:10.1080/15391523.2026.2643165 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

The relationship among AI literacy, creativity-relevant character, and creative problem-solving ability in adolescents - based on the comparison between South Korea and China

Quan, H., Choe, I.-S., & Liu, Z. (2026) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-026-13985-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Beyond tutoring: a child-centered AI framework for embodied construction in culturally-grounded steam education

Wuwen, Z., Yu, H., Xia, M., Yang, M., & Ja, J. (2026) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-026-14030-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Analysis of Contradictions in Implementing AI-Based Digital Textbooks (AIDTs) in Korean High Schools: Cultural-Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) Perspective

Choi, W. (2026) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440261463040 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Let’s Code with GenAI: Exploring K-12 Teachers’ Self-Efficacy, Value Beliefs, and Coding Performance

Kang, S. T., & Huang, W. (2026) · AI · doi:10.3390/ai7080277 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

AI and student motivation: A scoping review

Li, J., King, R. B., Chai, C. S., Lee, V. W. Y., & Li, R. (2026) · Journal of Research on Technology in Education · doi:10.1080/15391523.2026.2672515 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Students’ Difficulties in Learning about AI from Teachers' Perspectives: Insights from an Action Research Approach in Compulsory CS Education

Jetzinger, F., & Michaeli, T. (2026) · ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER) · doi:10.1145/3765964.3811641 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Project-Based Learning for AI-enabling Mechatronic Design Course*

Bi, Z., Mueller, D. W., Yang, Y., Wendel, I., Vu, M., Tan, C. W., Stewart, M. C., McCrory, A. G., Mcbride, E. T., Bayende, E. E., et al. (2024) · International Conference on Advanced Robotics and Mechatronics (ICARM) · doi:10.1109/icarm62033.2024.10715760 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Simplification of Image Segmentation and Object Detection Teaching Materials

Emeršič, Ž., Hrastnik, G., Peer, N. M., Kirn, V. L., Justin, A., Videnović, J., Markićević, L., & Peer, P. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-77738-7_41 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Modern approaches to the organization of the technological process of big data collection and preparation and related new professions in the IT industry: DevOps-engineer and data engineer

Николаевна, С. Н., & Kalinin, I. A. (2024) · Informatics and Education · doi:10.32517/0234-0453-2024-39-5-21-39 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Large Language Models Will Change The Way Children Think About Technology And Impact Every Interaction Paradigm

Beale, R. (2025) · ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC) · doi:10.1145/3713043.3731538 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

The Double-Edge Sword of AI: Mitigating the Risk and Maximizing the Benefits of Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED)

Asuncion, I., & Natividad, L. (2025) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5085611 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

AI-Driven Learning: Current Applications, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Ismail, I. A., Alkhateeb, M. O., & Alkaabi, M. H. (2025) · Advances in Computational Intelligence and Robotics · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-7873-1.ch001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

A Questionnaire Survey on AI+Education Counting

Junqi, Z. (2024) · Journal of intelligence and knowledge engineering. · doi:10.62517/jike.202404207

A systematic review on how educators teach AI in K-12 education

Liu, X., & Zhong, B. (2024) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2024.100642 · Cited by 86 · see citing works

A Review of Artificial Intelligence in K-12 Education

Azzam, A., & Charles, T. (2024) · Open Journal of Applied Sciences · doi:10.4236/ojapps.2024.148137 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

Teaching artificial intelligence in K–12 classrooms: a scoping review

Su, J., Guo, K., Chen, X., & Chu, S. K. W. (2023) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2023.2212706 · Cited by 83 · see citing works

Artificial Intelligence teaching and learning in K-12 from 2019 to 2022: A systematic literature review

Rizvi, S., Waite, J., & Sentance, S. (2023) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100145 · Cited by 147 · see citing works

A systematic review of learning task design for K-12 AI education: Trends, challenges, and opportunities

Li, L., Yu, F., & Zhang, E. (2024) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100217 · Cited by 72 · see citing works