C-Phycocyanin protects against acute tributyltin chloride neurotoxicity by modulating glial cell activity along with its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory property: A comparative efficacy evaluation with N-acetyl cysteine in adult rat brain
Abstract
Spirulina is a widely used health supplement and is a dietary source of C-Phycocyanin (CPC), a potent anti-oxidant. We have previously reported the neurotoxic potential of tributyltin chloride (TBTC), an environmental pollutant and potent biocide. In this study, we have evaluated the protective efficacy of CPC against TBTC induced neurotoxicity. To evaluate the extent of neuroprotection offered by CPC, its efficacy was compared with the degree of protection offered by N-acetylcysteine (NAC) (a well known neuroprotective drug, taken as a positive control). Male Wistar rats (28 day old) were administered with 20mg/kg TBTC (oral) and 50mg/kg CPC or 50mg/kg NAC (i.p.), alone or in combination, and various parameters were evaluated. These include blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage; redox parameters (ROS, GSH, redox pathway associated enzymes, oxidative stress markers); inflammatory, cellular, and stress markers; apoptotic proteins and in situ cell death assay (TUNEL). We observed increased CPC availability in cortical tissue following its administration. Although BBB associated proteins like claudin-5, p-glycoprotein and ZO-1 were restored, CPC/NAC failed to protect against TBTC induced overall BBB permeability (Evans blue extravasation). Both CPC and NAC remarkably reduced oxidative stress and inflammation. NAC effectively modulated redox pathway associated enzymes whereas CPC countered ROS levels efficiently. Interestingly, CPC and NAC were equivalently capable of reducing apoptotic markers, astroglial activation and cell death. This study illustrates the various pathways involved in CPC mediated neuroprotection against this environmental neurotoxicant and highlights its capability to modulate glial cell activity.
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Only Mitra et al. evaluated the bioavailability of C-PC in homogenates of cerebral cortical tissue by measuring absorbance at 620 nm in Wistar rats that received intraperitoneal injections of C-PC.
“Only Mitra et al. evaluated the bioavailability of C-PC in homogenates of cerebral cortical tissue by measuring absorbance at 620 nm in Wistar rats that received intraperitoneal injections of C-PC [83].”
From Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Consumption on Brain Health (2022) · cites this paper as [83]
C-PC significantly restored microglial activity, adjusting expression of cellular marker CD11b and formation of LC3-II and beclin, reduced by TBTC.
“In addition, it significantly restored microglial activity, adjusting the expression of cellular marker CD11b and the formation of LC3-II and beclin (markers of autophagy), reduced by treatment with TBTC, apart from its considerable protective effect on redox signaling, stress proteins and inflammatory molecules [83].”
From Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Consumption on Brain Health (2022) · cites this paper as [83]
C-PC failed to fully restore BBB disruption induced by TBTC, although it restored p-glycoprotein and claudin-5 levels and partially enzyme activity of calpain and matrix metalloproteinase.
“C-PC failed to fully restore BBB disruption, although it was able to restore p-glycoprotein (PGP) and claudin-5 levels and, partially, enzyme activity of tissue remodeling such as calpain and matrix metalloproteinase [83].”
From Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Consumption on Brain Health (2022) · cites this paper as [83]
In male Wistar rats treated with TBTC, C-PC effectively reduced ROS generation, decreased astroglia activation, counteracting morphological alteration and upregulation of GFAP.
“In male Wistar rats treated with tributyltin chloride (TBTC), an environmental pollutant and potent biocide, C-PC effectively reduced ROS generation, decreased astroglia activation, counteracting the morphological alteration, and upregulation of GFAP, indices of astroglia activation.”
From Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Consumption on Brain Health (2022) · cites this paper as [83]
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The antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities of Spirulina: An overview
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Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Consumption on Brain Health
Trotta, T., Porro, C., Cianciulli, A., & Panaro, M. A. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14030676 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mitra, S., Siddiqui, W. A., & Khandelwal, S.
- Affiliations
- University of New Mexico (US)
- Jamia Hamdard (IN)
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Mitra, Sumonto
- Khandelwal, Shashi
- Venue
- Chemico-Biological Interactions
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-08
- Volume
- 238
- Pages
- 138-150
- ISSN
- 0009-2797 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W640892390
- Cited by
- 67
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6
- FWCI
- 2.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Chemico-Biological Interactions (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disorders and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
- Keywords
- C-phycocyanin, tributyltin chloride, neurotoxicity, neuroprotection, N-acetylcysteine, blood-brain barrier permeability, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, astroglial activation, apoptosis, oxidative enzymes, claudin-5, ZO-1, glutathione, reactive oxygen species, Spirulina, environmental pollutants
- MeSH terms
- Acetylcysteine, Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Antioxidants, Blood-Brain Barrier, Glutathione, Male, Oxidoreductases, Permeability, Phycocyanin, Trialkyltin Compounds, Rats, Wistar, Apoptosis, Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidative Stress, Neuroprotective Agents, Protein Carbonylation, Rats
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