The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Tumor-Derived Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Regulates Myeloid Inflammation and T Cell Immunity in Pancreatic Cancer
Open accessAbstract
Cancer-associated inflammation is thought to be a barrier to immune surveillance, particularly in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). Gr-1(+) CD11b(+) cells are a key feature of cancer inflammation in PDA, but remain poorly understood. Using a genetically engineered mouse model of PDA, we show that tumor-derived granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is necessary and sufficient to drive the development of Gr-1(+) CD11b(+) cells that suppressed antigen-specific T cells. In vivo, abrogation of tumor-derived GM-CSF inhibited the recruitment of Gr-1(+) CD11b(+) cells to the tumor microenvironment and blocked tumor development-a finding that was dependent on CD8(+) T cells. In humans, PDA tumor cells prominently expressed GM-CSF in vivo. Thus, tumor-derived GM-CSF is an important regulator of inflammation and immune suppression within the tumor microenvironment.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“FAK inhibition-mediated reprogramming of the stroma was shown to overcome radiation resistance and sensitize the tumors to immunotherapy175”
From Pancreatic cancer: Advances and challenges (2023) · cites this paper as [175]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation
Hanahan, D., & Weinberg, R. A. (2011) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013 · Cited by 66,590 · cited 1×
“It has become widely appreciated that tumor-associated inflammation is an enabling characteristic of cancer and contributes to tumor escape from immune destruction (Hanahan and Weinberg, 2011).”
BackgroundMyeloid-derived-suppressor cells as regulators of the immune system
Gabrilovich, D. I., & Nagaraj, S. (2009) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2506 · Cited by 6,753 · cited 3×
“…system by targeting Gr-1 + CD11b + cells or the cytokines that regulate their differentiation. comprised of precursors to macrophages, dendritic cells, and granulocytes at earlier stages of differentiation (Gabrilovich and Nagaraj, 2009; Ostrand-Rosenberg and Sinha, 2009; Peranzoni et al., 2010).”
BackgroundCancer Immunoediting: Integrating Immunity’s Roles in Cancer Suppression and Promotion
Schreiber, R. D., Old, L. J., & Smyth, M. J. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1203486 · Cited by 6,474 · cited 2×
“Disruption of CD8 immunity by elements of the tumor microenvironment is thought to be a major mechanism of tumor immune escape (Schreiber et al., 2011).”
BackgroundHingorani, S. R., Wang, L., Multani, A. S., Combs, C., Deramaudt, T. B., Hruban, R. H., Rustgi, A. K., Chang, S., & Tuveson, D. A. (2005) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2005.04.023 · Cited by 2,609
EMT and Dissemination Precede Pancreatic Tumor Formation
Rhim, A. D., Mirek, E. T., Aiello, N. M., Maitra, A., Bailey, J. M., McAllister, F., Reichert, M., Beatty, G. L., Rustgi, A. K., Vonderheide, R. H., et al. (2012) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.11.025 · Cited by 2,136 · cited 1×
“This approach led to sensitive (>95% of all pancreatic epithelial cells) and specific labeling of pancreas epithelial-derived cells, with no stromal cells labeled (Rhim et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMyeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells: Linking Inflammation and Cancer
Ostrand‐Rosenberg, S., & Sinha, P. (2009) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0802740 · Cited by 1,777 · cited 2×
“…system by targeting Gr-1 + CD11b + cells or the cytokines that regulate their differentiation. comprised of precursors to macrophages, dendritic cells, and granulocytes at earlier stages of differentiation (Gabrilovich and Nagaraj, 2009; Ostrand-Rosenberg and Sinha, 2009; Peranzoni et al., 2010).”
Regulation of immune responses by L-arginine metabolism
Bronte, V., & Zanovello, P. (2005) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri1668 · Cited by 1,775 · cited 2×
“…2C) and produced high levels of nitrite upon culture (Figure 2D), suggesting expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS); both arginase and iNOS have been previously linked to immunosuppression by Gr-1 + CD11b + cells in tumor-bearing mice (Bronte and Zanovello, 2005; Ma et al., 2011).”
BackgroundCD40 Agonists Alter Tumor Stroma and Show Efficacy Against Pancreatic Carcinoma in Mice and Humans
Beatty, G. L., Chiorean, E. G., Fishman, M. P., Saboury, B., Teitelbaum, U. R., Sun, W., Huhn, R. D., Song, W., Li, D., Sharp, L. L., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1198443 · Cited by 1,706 · cited 3×
“More likely in PDA, tumor-associated macrophages release IL-6 that directly affects the epithelium and promotes PanIN progression and PDA development in vivo (Beatty et al., 2011; Lesina et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBetts, M. R., Brenchley, J. M., Price, D. A., Rosa, S. C. D., Douek, D. C., Roederer, M., & Koup, R. A. (2003) · Journal of Immunological Methods · doi:10.1016/s0022-1759(03)00265-5 · Cited by 1,587 · cited 2×
“To understand if CD8 T cells from GM-CSF knockdown tumors exhibited effector functions, we evaluated tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells for their capacity to secrete IFN-g and mobilize CD107a, the latter serving as a biomarker of lytic function (Betts et al., 2003).”
BackgroundYang, L., DeBusk, L. M., Fukuda, K., Fingleton, B., Green-Jarvis, B., Shyr, Y., Matrisian, L. M., Carbone, D. P., & Lin, P. C. (2004) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2004.08.031 · Cited by 1,140 · cited 1×
“Other potential roles of Gr-1 + CD11b + cells in regulating tumor growth (Yang et al., 2004, 2008, 2011) appear therefore to be secondary or noncontributory to tumor growth, at least in this assay.”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–952 of 952
Advances in the Treatment of Unresectable Pancreatic Cancer
薛, 星. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Personalized Medicine · doi:10.12677/jcpm.2024.32079
Harris, C. R., Wang, L., Dudgeon, C., Prela, O., Cazarin, J., Shih, C.-H., Davidson, C., Casabianca, A., De, S., Narrow, W. C., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.11.12.623005
Pankaj, A., Raabe, M. J., Zhang, M. L., Song, Y., Patel, B. K., Xu, K., Kocher, J. R., Lang, E., Richieri, P., Caldwell, N. J., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.01.14.632658
Ledezma, D. K., Joshi, U., Nguyen-Ta, K., Sonowal, H., Russo, H., Newton, I. G., Steinmetz, N. F., & White, R. R. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5354966
Kumar, S., Chan, C. J., Coussens, L. M., Whiteside, S. K., & Roychoudhuri, R. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824465-4.00164-2
Cytokines released by human tumors are independent from cancer histotype
Kuksin, M., Mouraud, S., Bredel, D., Radulescu, C., Mohamed-Djalim, C., Adam, J., Terrier, P., de Montpréville, V., Zitvogel, L., Scoazec, J., et al. (2026) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2026.116864
Li, M., Fang, Z., Ji, Y., Yu, T., Li, Y., Cheng, W., Duan, Y., Wang, X., Feng, J., Zhang, J., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-26694-7
“For example, in pancreatic and ovarian cancers 48 , common KRAS mutations impair T cell infiltration and anti-tumor immune responses 49,50 .”
Sorrentino, C., D’Antonio, L., Ciummo, S. L., Fieni, C., Landuzzi, L., Ruzzi, F., Vespa, S., Lanuti, P., Lotti, L. V., Lollini, P. L., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21321428
Sorrentino, C., D’Antonio, L., Ciummo, S. L., Fieni, C., Landuzzi, L., Ruzzi, F., Vespa, S., Lanuti, P., Lotti, L. V., Lollini, P. L., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21321425
Hasan, T. G., Saad, M. A., Allen, D., van Bergen, T. D., Morala, J. N., Roberts, H. J., Mai, Z., Chandrasekhara, V., Wang, K. K., Maytin, E. V., et al. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8912367/v1
PPARδ: An underappreciated tumor accelerator in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Niu, D., Wei, D., Liu, Y., Yao, J. C., Shureiqi, I., & Zuo, X. (2026) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2026.218385
He, Y., & Yeo, Y. (2026) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1002/wnan.70052
“Tumor-derived GM-CSF promotes MDSC generation from their precursor and induces MDSC proliferation (Bayne et al. 2012; Kumar et al. 2022).”
The role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in Sjögren's disease
Jin, L., Yang, C., Gan, J., Wan, Z., Liu, Y., Wong, V. K. W., Li, C., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2026.104051
Hamdani, S. (2016) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/9e24450czb094z4495zafbfz117b8e3adf32
Ciblage pharmacologique du microenvironnement de l'adénocarcinome canalaire pancréatique
Samain, R. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/e35639a1z6534z4cb6z9efbza38473efebed
Impact de l’acide lactique sur le phénotype et le métabolisme des macrophages humains
Paolini, L. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/1588aa66z8794z4b07z9a33z8b26f2ceafa4
The role of Activin signaling pathway in the initiation and progression of pancreatic cancer
Zhao, Y. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/17612dbdz6d94z4563z86a3z6d1e91b34f9b
Effet du TGFβ produit par le microenvironnement sur les tumeurs du pancréas exocrine
Cardot‐Ruffino, V. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/5a044019zf697z4071z9643zee4c85ba364f
Ponzo, M. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/05815fd1z5314z4734z8240zd1a40c5a9bdf
Bonnin, E. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/fd80c953z7ef5z4ff7z8413z3bd284faeed4
MicroRNA-based strategies to overcome the immunotherapy barrier in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
徐慧文, Wang, Q., Cao, R., Qiu, Z., Liu, Y., Hu, J., Zheng, G., & Cheng, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1744566
Qiu, Z., Jiang, R., 吴顺泉, Zhan, R., Hu, X., & Wang, S. (2026) · Blood Research · doi:10.1007/s44313-026-00138-1
“Tumor-derived factors such as granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and peptide hormone angiotensin II contribute to the systemic deviation of hematopoiesis [14, 15].”
Kalli, M., Stylianou, C., Georgiou, S., Voutouri, C., Michael, C., Kyriakou, S., Himonas, E., Mpekris, F., Tornovsky-Babeay, S., Egudkin, A., et al. (2026) · Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering · doi:10.1007/s12195-026-00912-2
Akinsipe, T., Odewumi, C. O., Latinwo, L. M., Aghimien, O. O., Musa, M. A., IGBINOBA, P. O., Simons, A. L., & Aghimien, M. O. (2026) · Oncology Reviews · doi:10.3389/or.2026.1814540 · Cited by 1
“Activated NF-κ B enhances MDSC activity by inducing the production of colony-stimulating factors like GM-CSF and promoting the secretion of chemokines such as CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL5, which attract CXCR2 + MDSCs to the TME (173, 174).”
PARP7 inhibitors enhance the immunogenic effects of radiation in pancreatic cancer cells
Bragato, N., Dias, A. B., Ohradanova‐Repic, A., Dupanovic, A., Horvat, F., Fischer, P., Appel, L.-M., Walch, L., Kleinwächter, A., Rohrer, A. M., et al. (2026) · Molecular Therapy Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.omton.2026.201258 · Cited by 1
Shen, S., Chen, K., Li, L., Jiang, M., Jia, Y., Bai, X., Zeng, Z., Ma, C., Dang, Y., Hu, K., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1799536
“Despite being predominantly deemed a proin fl ammatory factor for macrophages, studies have suggested that GM-CSF is also related to M2-like macrophages (77, 78).”
Novruzov, M., Raval, K. Y., Mammadova, M., Khan, W. U., Inam, U. K., Shiraliyeva, U., & Saleem, A. (2026) · In Silico Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s40203-026-00685-6
“1) (Bayne et al. 2012; Pylayeva-Gupta et al. 2012 ).”
Zhang, Z., Gu, Y., Qiao, S., Sang, L., Zhang, L., & Zhou, F. (2026) · Cell Press Blue · doi:10.1016/j.cpblue.2026.100056
Parent, B. D., Kelly, A. E., Hoffman, M. T., Dougan, M. L., Aguirre, A. J., & Dougan, S. K. (2025) · Immunotherapy Advances · doi:10.1093/immadv/ltag013
“6694c2 cells were derived from a LSL-KrasG12D;p53+/floxed, Pdx-cre, YFP-floxed mouse and were gifted by Ben Stanger (University of Pennsylvania) [26].”
Das, S., Mahmood, A. S., & Chouaı̈b, S. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27146397
“Downregulation of GM-CSF may therefore reduce immunosuppressive stromal remodeling [44].”
Alimohammadi, M., Mirnejad, A. M., Farahani, N., Hedayati, N., & Hushmandi, K. (2026) · Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s00432-026-06566-x
“These factors co-exist and persist in the TME, revealing the ongoing nature of cancer-related inflammation (Bayne et al. 2012; Ubertini et al. 2015; Mehta et al. 2021; Sumimoto et al. 2006 ).”
Deciphering the regulatory role of ADAM8 in the PDAC tumor microenvironment
Zandieh, K., Cook, L., Zhao, K., Nagl, C., Gao, Y., Fazio, P. D., Bartsch, D. K., Bauer, U., Meixner, M., Yildiz, D., et al. (2026) · Cellular Oncology · doi:10.1007/s13402-026-01266-7
“For instance, GMCSF acts as a central tumorderived factor that programs inflammatory myeloid cells and thereby creates a chronic, tumorpromoting inflammatory milieu [27].”
Rethinking PDAC: from immunological silence to therapeutic opportunity
Kali, S. K., Ramesh, R. P. G., Alam, A., Fernández-Cabezudo, M. J., Al-Awadhi, A. M., Kishore, U., & al-Ramadi, B. K. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1909191
Mohring, V., Ancion, M., Hubert, P., Lardinois, F., Bizet, M., Stern, D., Liegeois, M. A., Roncarati, P., Agirman, F., Maloujahmoum, N., et al. (2026) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2026-014841
IL-1-mediated cancer-adapted hematopoiesis in aging and clonal hematopoiesis
Caiado, F., Gonullu, N. G., & Manz, M. G. (2026) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2026.102055
Tumor-derived SAA1-TLR4 signaling drives tumor-to-muscle communication in pancreatic cancer cachexiaPreprint
Guarnaccia, G., Massenet, J., Cecchini, A., Guarnaccia, E., Silvestri, B., Nicoletti, C., Barajas, J. R., Sala, D., Teneche, M. G., Li, B., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.09.04.748998 · Cited by 1
Mechanisms of Immune Cell Dysregulation in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Ahmady, F., Luwor, R. B., & Kannourakis, G. (2026) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology15181599 · Cited by 1
“Other myeloid subsets such as Gr-1+ CD11b+ cells were associated with the exhaustion of cytotoxic T cells via GM-CSF and CCL2 in an autochthonous mouse PDAC model [106].”
Mechanism and clinical relevance of metabolic-immune cross-talk in pancreatic tumor microenvironment
Malik, J. A., Jatavath, M., Fishel, M. L., Bhatia, R., & Gautam, S. K. (2026) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2026.08.005
Li, Y., Li, Y., Fan, J., San, Z.-Q., & Ye, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1900936
“In Kras -driven models, tumor-derived granulocyte – macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) expands suppressive myeloid populations, whereas selective depletion of granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) unmasks adaptive immunity (36, 37).”
Genetic principles enabling the creation of bacteria-based therapeutics
Williams, A. B., Groseclose, T. M., Holec, S. A. M., Newman, D., Mora, D. S. O., & Linke, L. (2026) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/iyag235
Eisenmenger, B. T., Rappaport, A. S., Connell, L. H., Petruc, V. T., Riordan, E. J., Wakefield, M. R., & Fang, Y. (2026) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers18183019
“KRAS-driven GM-CSF promotes suppressive myeloid recruitment in experimental PDAC [47,48].”
Hall, H. R., Song, J., Kren, N. P., & Pylayeva‐Gupta, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1814123
“…by hypoxia in PDAC, we used a syngeneic orthotopic injection model where murine pancreatic cancer cells featuring endogenous expression of oncogenic Kras and Tp53 ( LSL-Kras G12D/+ ;LSL-Trp53 R172H/+ ;p48 Cre/+ ) ( KPC ) are injected into pancreata of C57Bl6J mice (orthotopic KPC , oKPC ) (24).”
Xue, L.-R., Wu, Y., Lin, Z., & Xian, Y. (2026) · Targetome · doi:10.48130/targetome-0026-0049
Yang, N., He, H., & Liu, X. (2026) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2026.09.022
Erreni, M., Fumagalli, M. R., D’Anna, R., Sollai, M., Bozzarelli, S., Nappo, G., Zanini, D., Parente, R., Garlanda, C., Rimassa, L., et al. (2025) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.15005984
Yeung, J., Bai, Y., Qiu, H., Yeo, Y. Y., Chang, Y., Ng, M. S. F., Heij, L. R., Shah, E. A., Ma, Q., Reiss, D. J., et al. (2026) · Molecular & Cellular Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.mcpro.2026.101697
Zhang, Y., Tang, S., Zhang, Y., Liu, J., Shi, X., Li, Y., Li, Y., Wang, H., Zhong, C., Sun, M., et al. (2026) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2026.10.003
Molecular Targeted Therapies in Pancreatic Cancer
Kim, E. J.-H., Abel, E. V., Ghosh, A., & Simeone, D. M. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6549-2_6
Metadata
- Authors
- Bayne, L. J., Beatty, G. L., Jhala, N., Clark, C. E., Rhim, A. D., Stanger, B. Z., & Vonderheide, R. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Abramson Cancer Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Vonderheide, Robert H.
- Venue
- Cancer Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-06
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 822-835
- ISSN
- 1535-6108 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3575028
- OpenAlex
- W2129176863
- Cited by
- 947
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 82 · 2020: 91 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 78 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 68 · 2013: 77 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 29.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 411 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Cancer Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute
- National Institutes of Health (K08 088945, K12 CA076931)
- American Gastroenterological Association
- Cancer Research Institute
- Gabrielle’s Angel Foundation for Cancer Research
- Pennsylvania Department of Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Pancreatic and Hepatic Oncology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Keywords
- GM-CSF, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, tumor inflammation, myeloid cells, tumor microenvironment, T cell suppression, CD8+ T cells, tumor immune evasion, tumor-derived cytokines
- MeSH terms
- Adenocarcinoma, Animals, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Inflammation, Mice, Transgenic, Pancreatic Neoplasms, T-Lymphocytes, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, Mice, Knockout, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Models, Immunological, Receptors, Chemokine, Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal, Myeloid Cells, RNA Interference, CD11b Antigen, Cell Line, Tumor, Mice, Tumor Microenvironment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review