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Tumor-Derived Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Regulates Myeloid Inflammation and T Cell Immunity in Pancreatic Cancer
Open accessAbstract
Cancer-associated inflammation is thought to be a barrier to immune surveillance, particularly in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). Gr-1(+) CD11b(+) cells are a key feature of cancer inflammation in PDA, but remain poorly understood. Using a genetically engineered mouse model of PDA, we show that tumor-derived granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is necessary and sufficient to drive the development of Gr-1(+) CD11b(+) cells that suppressed antigen-specific T cells. In vivo, abrogation of tumor-derived GM-CSF inhibited the recruitment of Gr-1(+) CD11b(+) cells to the tumor microenvironment and blocked tumor development-a finding that was dependent on CD8(+) T cells. In humans, PDA tumor cells prominently expressed GM-CSF in vivo. Thus, tumor-derived GM-CSF is an important regulator of inflammation and immune suppression within the tumor microenvironment.
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“FAK inhibition-mediated reprogramming of the stroma was shown to overcome radiation resistance and sensitize the tumors to immunotherapy175”
From Pancreatic cancer: Advances and challenges (2023) · cites this paper as [175]
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BackgroundIFN-γ–STAT1–iNOS Induces Myeloid Progenitors to Acquire Immunosuppressive Activity
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“In this murine pancreatic tumor model, most T cells are excluded (41).”
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“Additionally, cancer stem cells function as tumor-initiating cells, accelerating the spread of cancerous cells and causing treatment resistance by a variety of intrinsic mechanisms, including genetic and epigenetic alterations [2, 9].”
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Schnurr, M. M., Duewell, P., Bauer, C. A., Rothenfußer, S., Lauber, K., Endres, S., & Kobold, S. (2015) · Immunotherapy · doi:10.2217/imt.15.9 · Cited by 16
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“In pancreatic cancer, there is obvious infiltration by immune cells, but these immune cells do not appear to play a role in immune surveillance (30-32).”
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“Previous study demonstrated that GM-CSF suppresses the immune response by expanding MDSC population, which may inhibit CD4 T cell proliferation and CTL-mediated platelet lysis (46).”
ResultT-cell localization, activation and clonal expansion in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
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Metastasis-promoting functions of myeloid cells
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Classic versus innovative strategies for immuno-therapy in pancreatic cancer
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GM-CSF Nitration Is a New Driver of Myeloid Suppressor Cell Activity in Tumors
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c-Rel-dependent monocytes are potent immune suppressor cells in cancer
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BackgroundThe EPH/Ephrin System in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC): From Pathogenesis to Treatment
Papadakos, S. P., Dedes, N., Gkolemi, N., Machairas, N., & Theocharis, S. E. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24033015 · Cited by 16
“Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), CCL2 [10], CSF18 and BAG3 [11] orchestrate the infiltration, maturation and differentiation of myeloid cells into myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), respectively.”
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“IL-10 is wellknown for its role in M2 macrophage differentiation and for its immunosuppressive effects, which may contribute to tumor growth and progression [50].”
BackgroundImmune Evasion of G-CSF and GM-CSF in Lung Cancer
Park, Y., & Chung, C. (2023) · Tuberculosis & respiratory diseases · doi:10.4046/trd.2023.0037 · Cited by 16
“Recent studies have demonstrated that granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) induce immune evasion through various mechanisms 4-10 .”
BackgroundUsing Preclinical Data to Design Combination Clinical Trials of Radiation Therapy and Immunotherapy
Gough, M. J., Sharon, S., Crittenden, M. R., & Young, K. H. (2020) · Seminars in Radiation Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.semradonc.2019.12.002 · Cited by 15
Myelopoiesis during Solid Cancers and Strategies for Immunotherapy
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“Multiple studies since then have redemonstrated the impact of tumor-mediated GM-CSF signaling on the generation of TME MDSCs [6,45].”
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“It was also reported that cancer cells with KRAS mutations could recruit myeloidderived suppressor cells to secrete granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor, effectively limiting the infiltration level and decreasing the antitumor activities of CD8 cytotoxic T-cells [35].”
BackgroundOn the Biology and Therapeutic Modulation of Macrophages and Dendritic Cells in Cancer
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“…and invasive pancreatic cancer cells is another example of a pathway downstream from oncogenic Kras that has non-cell autonomous effects, in this case functioning to establish an influx of suppressive myeloid cells that inhibit adaptive immunity (Bayne et al., 2012; Pylayeva-Gupta et al., 2012).”
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“It has been proposed that the specific immunosuppressive tumor microenviron‐ ment of pancreatic cancer is accountable for the limited clinical benefit of immunotherapy (8,9).”
BackgroundTargeting myeloid cells in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: from primary tumors to liver metastasis
Gong, R., Chen, Y., Chang, D. K.-F., Zhang, H., Liu, Z., & Yu, Q. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1555036 · Cited by 14
Uridine phosphorylase-1 supports metastasis by altering immune and extracellular matrix landscapes
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“…identi fi ed as a key regulator of granulopoiesis, granulocyte – macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has been found to promote rapid release of mature neutrophils from the bone marrow in response to exogenous stimuli (Bayne et al, 2012; Fossati et al, 1998; Pylayeva-Gupta et al, 2012).”
Silencing the Killers: Paracrine Immune Suppression in Pancreatic Cancer
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“The 716 Cancer Cell 21, June 12, 2012 ª2012 Els growth of KPC-derived PDAC was dependent upon Gr1+CD11b+ cells, which showed hallmarks of MDSCs, namely increased levels of arginase and iNOS (Bayne et al., 2012). iNOS played an important role in suppressing antigen-specific proliferation of T cells.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPericyte stem cells induce Ly6G+ cell accumulation and immunotherapy resistance in pancreatic cancer
Wu, Z., Thierry, K., Bachy, S., Zhang, X., Gamradt, P., Hernández‐Vargas, H., Mikaélian, I., Tonon, L., Pommier, R. M., Zhao, Y., et al. (2023) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.15252/embr.202256524 · Cited by 14
“Extensive immunosuppressive myeloid cell infiltration in PDAC (Bayne et al , 2012; Pylayeva-Gupta et al , 2012; Stromnes et al , 2014) tissues has been shown to be associated with resistance to immunotherapy (Blair et al , 2019).”
InfluentialChen, C., Park, A. K., Monroy, I., Ren, Y., Kim, S., Chaurasiya, S., Priceman, S. J., & Fong, Y. (2024) · Journal of the American College of Surgeons · doi:10.1097/xcs.0000000000000964 · Cited by 14
Modulation of Type I Interferon Responses to Influence Tumor-Immune Cross Talk in PDAC
Cattolico, C., Bailey, P., & Barry, S. T. (2022) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2022.816517 · Cited by 17
“, 2012) and drive recruitment of immunosuppressive immune cells (Bayne et al., 2012).”
BackgroundcIAP1/2 Antagonism Induces Antigen-Specific T Cell–Dependent Immunity
Ventre, K. S., Roehle, K., Bello, E., Bhuiyan, M. A., Biary, T., Crowley, S. J., Bruck, P. T., Heckler, M., Lenehan, P. J., Ali, L. R., et al. (2023) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2200646 · Cited by 14
Are Macrophages in Tumors Good Targets for Novel Therapeutic Approaches?
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“proaches include inhibition of GM-CSF in vivo and decreased VEGF and CCL-5 as ways to reduce monocyte recruitment (Bayne et al., 2012; Elbarghati et al., 2008; Pylayeva-Gupta et al., 2012).”
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Monocytes promote liver carcinogenesis in an oncogene-specific manner
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“For example, they can sustain tumor cell survival and proliferation through secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines [54], promote angiogenesis [55], blunt cytotoxic T cell activity by fostering an immunosuppressive microenvironment [11, 12], or prevent senescence [49].”
BackgroundInfluentialInhibiting HSP90 prevents the induction of myeloid-derived suppressor cells by melanoma cells
Janssen, N., Speigl, L., Pawelec, G., Niessner, H., & Shipp, C. (2018) · Cellular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.02.012 · Cited by 14
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Roth, S., Apte, M. V., Balachandran, V. P., Biffi, G., Conroy, T., Cukierman, E., Dotan, E., Esposito, I., Grünwald, B. T., Klauß, M., et al. (2026) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-026-00699-6 · Cited by 19
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“A growing body of evidence has shown that activation of M1 macrophage within tumor microenvironment could boost inflammatory reaction and mediate cancer immune surveillance [34,35].”
BackgroundOncogene and Non-Oncogene Addiction in Inflammation-Associated Cancers
Zheng, M. H., Jiang, J., Tang, Y., & Liang, X. (2013) · Future Oncology · doi:10.2217/fon.12.202 · Cited by 13
Exosomes in Tumor Immunotherapy: Mediator, Drug Carrier, and Prognostic Biomarker
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Overcoming Barriers of car T-cell Therapy in Patients with Mesothelin-Expressing Cancers
O’Hara, M. H., Stashwick, C., Plesa, G., & Tanyi, J. L. (2017) · Immunotherapy · doi:10.2217/imt-2017-0026 · Cited by 13
Mottini, C., Auciello, F. R., Manni, I., Pilarsky, C. P., Caputo, D. D., Caracciolo, G., Rossetta, A., Gennaro, E. D., Budillon, A., Blandino, G., et al. (2024) · Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/s13046-024-03117-5 · Cited by 12
“Further characterizations in pre-clinical models identified tumor GM-CSF as the main promoter of the splenic increase of MDSCs in PanINs [76, 81].”
BackgroundTargeting galectins in T cell-based immunotherapy within tumor microenvironment
Jin, Q., Li, Y., Qiao, X.-H., Yang, J., & Guo, X. (2021) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119426 · Cited by 12
Chong, Y. P., Peter, E. P., Lee, F. J. M., Chan, C. M., Chai, S., Ling, L. P. C., Tan, E. L., Ng, S. H., Masamune, A., Ghafar, S. A. A., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-16671-9 · Cited by 12
Keenan, B. P., & Jaffee, E. M. (2013) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.12076 · Cited by 12
Varadhachary, G. R., & Wolff, R. A. (2016) · Journal of Oncology Practice · doi:10.1200/jop.2016.015586 · Cited by 12
Leal, A. S., Sporn, M. B., Pioli, P. A., & Liby, K. T. (2016) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/bgw099 · Cited by 12
“LPS-treated mice; MDSCs are immunosuppressive and block the anti-tumor activity of T cells in PDAC [26,27].”
BackgroundSung, G., Chang, H. K., Lee, J., Song, S. Y., & Kim, H.-S. (2018) · Animal Cells and Systems · doi:10.1080/19768354.2018.1527721 · Cited by 12
“The prevalence of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in the blood and tumor tissues are contributing factors of pancreatic cancer progression that have also been reported (Hiraoka et al. 2006; Bayne et al. 2012).”
BackgroundCXCR2 Inhibition in Pancreatic Cancer: Opportunities for Immunotherapy?
Morton, J. P., & Sansom, O. J. (2016) · Immunotherapy · doi:10.2217/imt-2016-0115 · Cited by 12
Pratt, H. G., Ma, L., Dziadowicz, S. A., Ott, S., Whalley, T., Szomolay, B., Eubank, T. D., Hu, G., & Boone, B. A. (2024) · Clinical and Translational Medicine · doi:10.1002/ctm2.1595 · Cited by 10
Ultrasound-Guided Orthotopic Implantation of Murine Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Hay, C. A., Sor, R., Flowers, A. J., Clendenin, C. J., & Byrne, K. T. (2019) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/60497 · Cited by 11
Mottini, C., & Cardone, L. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21145023 · Cited by 11
Polymer-loaded hydrogels serve as depots for lactate and mimic “cold” tumor microenvironments
Allen, R. P., Ivtchenko, E., Thuamsang, B., Sangsuwan, R., & Lewis, J. S. (2020) · Biomaterials Science · doi:10.1039/d0bm01196g · Cited by 11
Delahoussaye, A. M., Jaoude, J. A., Green, M., Fujimoto, T. N., Molkentine, J. M., García, C. J. G., Gay, J. P., Feng, N., Marszalek, J. R., Fowlkes, N. W., et al. (2022) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-022-09255-3 · Cited by 11
Zhao, J., Dong, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., & Wang, Z. (2022) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2022.114585 · Cited by 12
Mukherjee, B., Tiwari, A. K., Palo, A., Pattnaik, N., Samantara, S. K., & Dixit, M. (2022) · Cell Death Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41420-022-01240-w · Cited by 11
“Elevated expression of GM-CSF is clinically correlated with advanced histological grade, metastasis, and poor prognosis in patients with prostate cancer, breast cancer [12], and pancreatic ductal carcinoma [13].”
BackgroundCheung, P. F., Neff, F., Neander, C., Bazarna, A., Savvatakis, K., Liffers, S., Althoff, K., Lee, C., Moding, E. J., Kirsch, D. G., et al. (2018) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0052 · Cited by 11
“Indeed, impairment of Notch signaling in epidermis and fibroblasts was shown to result in profound changes in stroma, leading to induction of tumor development (15, 16).”
BackgroundBayne, L. J., & Vonderheide, R. H. (2013) · Cold Spring Harbor Protocols · doi:10.1101/pdb.prot077214 · Cited by 11
Self-citationMansouri, S., Daniel, L., Amhis, N., Léveillé, M., Boudreau, J. E., Alkayyal, A. A., Collin, Y., & Tai, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2023.1071751 · Cited by 11
Major hurdles of immune-checkpoint inhibitors in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Akhuba, L. G., Tigai, Z. G., & Shek, D. (2023) · Cancer Drug Resistance · doi:10.20517/cdr.2022.142 · Cited by 10
Panoramic tumor microenvironment in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Li, X., Hou, W., Xiao, C., Yang, H., Zhao, C., & Cao, D. (2024) · Cellular Oncology · doi:10.1007/s13402-024-00970-6 · Cited by 10
“In genetically engineered mouse models, PDAC cells with oncogenic Kras signaling express granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), causing the suppression of antigen-specific T cells and the pro - motion of immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cell recruitment [6, 47].”
Locoregional therapies combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors for liver metastases
Zhang, X., Zhou, Y., Wei, G.-X., Luo, Y., & Qiu, M. (2024) · Cancer Cell International · doi:10.1186/s12935-024-03484-1 · Cited by 12
“Of note, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has been proven to promote the recruitment and expansion of MDSCs in tumor models [48, 49].”
BackgroundPrecision immune regulation in KRAS-mutated cancers: the final piece of the puzzle?
Fu, S., Ma, J., Cai, C., Tan, J., Deng, X., Shen, H., Zeng, S., Chen, Y., & Han, Y. (2025) · Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/s13046-025-03444-1 · Cited by 11
The role of inflammatory factors in the tumor microenvironment of pancreatic cancer
Yuan, Y., Zhang, H., Wang, Z., Huang, L., Kabacaoğlu, D., Zhang, B., Song, L., & Ai, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1625114 · Cited by 10
Signal-Strength and History-Dependent Innate Immune Memory Dynamics in Health and Disease
Geng, S., Pradhan, K., & Li, L. (2021) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/164_2021_485 · Cited by 10
Poulsen, V. V., Hadi, A., Werge, M. P., Karstensen, J. G., & Novovic, S. (2024) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom14020239 · Cited by 10
“Regulates cancer-associated inflammation in PDAC [80].”
GM-CSF facilitates the development of inflammation-associated colorectal carcinoma
Chen, G., Han, G., Shen, B., & Li, Y. (2014) · OncoImmunology · doi:10.4161/onci.28186 · Cited by 10
“In the progression of colitis to colon cancer, GM-CSF may indeed mediate pro-tumor effects that depend on the immune system, as recently demonstrated by a study reporting that tumor-derived GM-CSF potently induces the development of immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs).(9) We found that Gr-1 MDSC…”
BackgroundThe prognostic landscape of interactive biological processes presents treatment responses in cancer
He, B., Gao, R., Lv, D., Wen, Y., Song, L., Wang, X., Lin, S., Huang, Q., Deng, Z., Wang, Z., et al. (2019) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.01.064 · Cited by 10
Future of immunotherapy in pancreas cancer and the trials, tribulations and successes thus far
Wong, W., Alouani, E. L., Wei, A. Z., Ryu, Y. K., Chabot, J. A., & Manji, G. A. (2021) · Seminars in Oncology · doi:10.1053/j.seminoncol.2021.02.007 · Cited by 10
Pancreatic Cancer Fostered Immunosuppression Privileges Tumor Growth and Progression
Basso, D. (2014) · Journal of Clinical & Cellular Immunology · doi:10.4172/2155-9899.1000278 · Cited by 7
“The most relevant PDAC-derived molecules involved in MDSCs expansion are GM-CSF, IL-1β, IL-6, TGF- β1, and prostaglandin E2 [45,53-58].”
Enhanced metastasis in RNF13 knockout mice is mediated by a reduction in GM-CSF levels
He, C., Wang, A., Meng, J., Zhang, Y., & Zhu, D. (2015) · Protein & Cell · doi:10.1007/s13238-015-0188-7 · Cited by 10
Hashimoto, A., Handa, H., Hata, S., & Hashimoto, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.1005566 · Cited by 9
Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Cancer and COVID-19 as Associated with Oxidative Stress
Andrés, C., de la Lastra, J. M. P., Juan, C., Plou, F. J., & Pérez‐Lebeña, E. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11020218 · Cited by 9
Cytokines for the treatment of gastrointestinal cancers: clinical experience and new perspectives
Hernández-Alcoceba, R., Sangro, B., Berraondo, P., González‐Aseguinolaza, G., & Prìeto, J. (2013) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1517/13543784.2013.793307 · Cited by 9
“Now, we have same evidences suggesting that overexpression of IL-12 increases Tregs in HCC [54,56], and GM-CSF may be involved in the K-ras mediated accumulation of MDSCs in pancreatic cancer [98,99].”
BackgroundRole of the tumor microenvironment in pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Mao, A. (2015) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/4374 · Cited by 9
“Besides macrophages, the immune suppressive capacity of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) was recently reported to play a significant role in pancreatic cancer progression (47).”
BackgroundRosner, S., & Forde, P. M. (2022) · Journal of Thoracic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2022.02.007 · Cited by 9
Zhou, Q., Chen, D., Zhang, J., Xiang, J.-F., Zhang, T., Wang, H., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · Journal of Pancreatology · doi:10.1097/jp9.0000000000000109 · Cited by 9
“GM-CSF could recruit Gr1+CD11b+ myeloid cells into tumors and impair the function of CD8+ T cells.[30,77] PI3K is an important downstream effector of Kras.”
BackgroundDiab, M., & El‐Rayes, B. F. (2022) · Journal of Cancer Metastasis and Treatment · doi:10.20517/2394-4722.2022.60 · Cited by 10
Animal models of pancreatic cancer and their application in clinical research
Scarlett, C. J., Weidenhofer, J., Colvin, E. K., & Bond, D. R. (2016) · Gastrointestinal Cancer Targets and Therapy · doi:10.2147/gictt.s84531 · Cited by 9
“…MDSCs in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment, and inhibiting GM-CSF in the KPC model leads to tumor necrosis and a decrease in infiltrating MDSCs. 31 Furthermore, mutant Kras has been shown to drive production of GM-CSF from pancreatic tumor cells, leading to an increase in MDSCs and a reduction…”
BackgroundMistarz, A., Komorowski, M. P., Graczyk, M. A., Gil, M., Jiang, A., Opyrchal, M., Rokita, H., Odunsi, K. O., & Kozbor, D. (2019) · Molecular Therapy — Oncolytics · doi:10.1016/j.omto.2019.06.003 · Cited by 9
Roscigno, G., Jacobs, S., Toledo, B., Borea, R., Russo, G., Pepe, F., Serrano, M. J., Calabrò, V., Troncone, G., Giovannoni, R., et al. (2025) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2025.05.003 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Bayne, L. J., Beatty, G. L., Jhala, N., Clark, C. E., Rhim, A. D., Stanger, B. Z., & Vonderheide, R. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Abramson Cancer Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Vonderheide, Robert H.
- Venue
- Cancer Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-06
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 822-835
- ISSN
- 1535-6108 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3575028
- OpenAlex
- W2129176863
- Cited by
- 947
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 82 · 2020: 91 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 78 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 68 · 2013: 77 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 29.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 411 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Cancer Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute
- National Institutes of Health (K08 088945, K12 CA076931)
- American Gastroenterological Association
- Cancer Research Institute
- Gabrielle’s Angel Foundation for Cancer Research
- Pennsylvania Department of Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Pancreatic and Hepatic Oncology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Keywords
- GM-CSF, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, tumor inflammation, myeloid cells, tumor microenvironment, T cell suppression, CD8+ T cells, tumor immune evasion, tumor-derived cytokines
- MeSH terms
- Adenocarcinoma, Animals, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Inflammation, Mice, Transgenic, Pancreatic Neoplasms, T-Lymphocytes, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, Mice, Knockout, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Models, Immunological, Receptors, Chemokine, Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal, Myeloid Cells, RNA Interference, CD11b Antigen, Cell Line, Tumor, Mice, Tumor Microenvironment
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