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Exploration of Essential Gene Functions via Titratable Promoter Alleles
Open accessAbstract
Nearly 20% of yeast genes are required for viability, hindering genetic analysis with knockouts. We created promoter-shutoff strains for over two-thirds of all essential yeast genes and subjected them to morphological analysis, size profiling, drug sensitivity screening, and microarray expression profiling. We then used this compendium of data to ask which phenotypic features characterized different functional classes and used these to infer potential functions for uncharacterized genes. We identified genes involved in ribosome biogenesis (HAS1, URB1, and URB2), protein secretion (SEC39), mitochondrial import (MIM1), and tRNA charging (GSN1). In addition, apparent negative feedback transcriptional regulation of both ribosome biogenesis and the proteasome was observed. We furthermore show that these strains are compatible with automated genetic analysis. This study underscores the importance of analyzing mutant phenotypes and provides a resource to complement the yeast knockout collection.
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“In general, essential genes participated in ~5-fold more negative and positive interactions than nonessential genes, confirming previous estimates (Fig. 5A)(24).”
From A global genetic interaction network maps a wiring diagram of cellular function (2016) · cites this paper as [24]
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“First, consistent with the results of our previous smaller scale surveys (1, 24), essential genes are major hubs and form the basic scaffold of the global genetic interaction network.”
From A global genetic interaction network maps a wiring diagram of cellular function (2016) · cites this paper as [24]
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BackgroundProgress in Metabolic Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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A comprehensive strategy enabling high-resolution functional analysis of the yeast genome
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“Essential genes are a highly conserved and medically relevant gene subset, with ∼40% having counterparts in human”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe GET Complex Mediates Insertion of Tail-Anchored Proteins into the ER Membrane
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Self-citationThe dependence of viral RNA replication on co-opted host factors
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MethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationSystematic humanization of yeast genes reveals conserved functions and genetic modularity
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Self-citationControlling gene expression in mycobacteria with anhydrotetracycline and Tet repressor
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“In order to identify essential genes impacting LD size, we now included the collection of mutants where all essential genes are controlled by the TetO7-promoter, which can be switched off efficiently [24].”
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Self-citationEmerging and evolving concepts in gene essentiality
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Self-citationTunable and reversible drug control of protein production via a self-excising degron
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“Instead of using these rsc mutants, we established a donorless yeast strain with the key ATPase subunit (Sth1) of the RSC complex under the control of the Tet-off system and the galactose-inducible HO integrated at the ade3 locus (29).”
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Self-citationIdentifying transcription factor functions and targets by phenotypic activation
Chua, G., Morris, Q., Sopko, R., Robinson, M. D., Ryan, O. W., Chan, E. T., Frey, B. J., Andrews, B., Boone, C. M., & Hughes, T. R. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0605140103 · Cited by 183
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Rational Extension of the Ribosome Biogenesis Pathway Using Network-Guided Genetics
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“TetO7-promoter mutants [28] and TAPtagged strains [31] were acquired from Open Biosystems.”
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Assembly of the PtdIns 4-kinase Stt4 complex at the plasma membrane requires Ypp1 and Efr3
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“We conclude that Ypp1 and Stt4 rely on each other to maintain their localization such that recruitment and stability of the PIK patch at the PM depends on an intact Stt4 – Ypp1 complex.”
InfluentialStirling, P. C., Bloom, M. S., Solanki-Patil, T., Smith, S. N., Sipahimalani, P., Li, Z., Kofoed, M., Ben‐Aroya, S., Myung, K., & Hieter, P. (2011) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002057 · Cited by 166
Self-citationWang, R., & Nagy, P. D. (2008) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2008.02.005 · Cited by 167
“In this system, the expression of TDH3 can be downregulated by addition of various amounts of doxycycline to the yeast growth medium, as is widely used for the construction of the yeast essential gene library (yTHC) (Mnaimneh et al., 2004).”
MethodYeast as a Model Host to Explore Plant Virus-Host Interactions
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“The downregulatable essential-gene library (yTHC) covering ∼15% of yeast genes has also been created (66).”
Sch9 regulates ribosome biogenesis via Stb3, Dot6 and Tod6 and the histone deacetylase complex RPD3L
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“This negative transcriptional feedback mechanism in principle imposes homeostatic control on Ribi (Supplementary Figure S6), and may act in concert with previously reported signalling feedback loops on Sch9 and Sfp1 (Jorgensen et al, 2004; Mnaimneh et al, 2004; Lempiainen et al, 2009).”
Role of Essential Genes in Mitochondrial Morphogenesis inSaccharomyces cerevisiae
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Tam41 Is a CDP-Diacylglycerol Synthase Required for Cardiolipin Biosynthesis in Mitochondria
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“To test this possibility, we utilized the yeast strain expressing Cds1FLAG under the control of the TetO7 promoter (Mnaimneh et al., 2004) and examined CDP-DAG synthase activities of mitochondria purified from the cells with or without Cds1FLAG depletion by addition of doxycycline.”
Fendt, S., Buescher, J. M., Rudroff, F., Picotti, P., Zamboni, N., & Sauer, U. (2010) · Molecular Systems Biology · doi:10.1038/msb.2010.11 · Cited by 159
“Tet-titratable promotor strains were obtained from openbiosystem (Mnaimneh et al, 2004).”
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“RNA derived from wild-type cells or cells in which Nrd1 expression is regulated by a Tet promoter”
BackgroundBiogenesis of the Mitochondrial TOM Complex
Becker, T., Pfannschmidt, S., Guiard, B., Stojanovski, D., Milenkovic, D., Kutik, S., Pfanner, N., Meisinger, C., & Wiedemann, N. (2007) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m706997200 · Cited by 153
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Ergosterol content specifies targeting of tail-anchored proteins to mitochondrial outer membranes
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“For example, in yeast, TA proteins are required for mitochondrial fission (Fis1; Mozdy et al. , 2000), for inheritance and motility (Gem1; Frederick et al. , 2004) and for the functioning of the translocase of the outer membrane (TOM) complex (Tom5, Tom6, and Tom7; Walther and Rapaport, 2009).”
BackgroundMethodBiogenesis of β-barrel membrane proteins of mitochondria
Paschen, S. A., Neupert, W., & Rapaport, D. (2005) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2005.08.009 · Cited by 137
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“Therefore, we studied the influence of Pma1 activity on cell growth using a doxycycline-repressible allele (tetO7-PMA1; Mnaimneh et al., 2004).”
A prototrophic deletion mutant collection for yeast metabolomics and systems biology
Mülleder, M., Capuano, F., Pir, P., Christen, S., Sauer, U., Oliver, S. G., & Ralser, M. (2012) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.2442 · Cited by 133
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“To test if downregulation of the Cdc34p level affects TBSV repRNA accumulation, we used doxycycline-regulatable expression of Cdc34p from its original chromosomal location ( 25 ).”
MethodSelf-citationNedea, E. C., Nalbant, D., Xia, D., Theoharis, N. T., Suter, B., Richardson, C. J., Tatchell, K., Kislinger, T., Greenblatt, J. F., & Nagy, P. L. (2008) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2007.12.031 · Cited by 128
“The growth rate of the ref2D sen1tetO7 double mutant (Mnaimneh et al., 2004) was estimated by serial dilution of strains on YPD medium in the presence or absence of 10 mg/ml doxycycline.”
MethodSelf-citationCharging it up: global analysis of protein phosphorylation
Ptacek, J., & Snyder, M. P. (2006) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2006.08.005 · Cited by 128
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van Bakel, H., Tsui, K., Gebbia, M., Mnaimneh, S., Hughes, T. R., & Nislow, C. (2013) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003479 · Cited by 124
“These conditions were previously shown to lead to effective ablation of proteins encoded by essential genes [74].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationIn Vivo Robustness Analysis of Cell Division Cycle Genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Moriya, H., Shimizu‐Yoshida, Y., & Kitano, H. (2006) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020111 · Cited by 125
“For example, in model organisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, comprehensive gene knockout or promoter titration analyses have been performed [9,10].”
BackgroundDown-Regulating Sphingolipid Synthesis Increases Yeast Lifespan
Huang, X., Liu, J., & Dickson, R. C. (2012) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002493 · Cited by 127
Altmann, K., Frank, M., Neumann, D., Jakobs, S., & Westermann, B. (2008) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200709099 · Cited by 130
Jiang, Y., Servienė, E., Gál, J., Panavas, T., & Nagy, P. D. (2006) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.02686-05 · Cited by 122
“For maximum level of essential gene expression, yeast was grown in the absence of doxycycline, whereas to reduce the expression levels of the essential genes, yeast was grown in the same medium in the presence of 10 mg/liter doxycycline ( 17 ).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGlobal Map of SUMO Function Revealed by Protein-Protein Interaction and Genetic Networks
Makhnevych, T., Sydorskyy, Y., Xin, X., Srikumar, T., Vizeacoumar, F. J., Jeram, S. M., Li, Z., Bahr, S., Andrews, B., Boone, C. M., et al. (2009) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2008.12.025 · Cited by 125
Self-citation16 High-Throughput Strain Construction and Systematic Synthetic Lethal Screening in
Tong, A. H. Y., & Boone, C. M. (2007) · Methods in microbiology · doi:10.1016/s0580-9517(06)36016-3 · Cited by 121
Self-citationA general lack of compensation for gene dosage in yeast
Springer, M., Weissman, J. S., & Kirschner, M. W. (2010) · Molecular Systems Biology · doi:10.1038/msb.2010.19 · Cited by 123
“Compensators are rare among essential genes and overexpressed genes To test whether essential (Ess) genes behave differently from non-essential genes, we created 40 diploid strains where one copy of an essential gene was fused to GFP and the second copy was under the control of doxycycline (EssX-GFP/TetO 7pr -EssX)”
BackgroundMultiple pathways in the integration of proteins into the mitochondrial outer membrane
Dukanovic, J., & Rapaport, D. (2010) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.06.021 · Cited by 123
Escobar‐Henriques, M., Westermann, B., & Langer, T. (2006) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200512079 · Cited by 119
“We also analyzed the stability of Fzo1 in cells that allow tetracycline-sensitive expression of the essential genes CDC53 and CDC34 (Mnaimneh et al., 2004) but did not observe a stabilization of Fzo1 upon repression of CDC53 or CDC34 (unpublished data).”
BackgroundAdvanced Methods for High-Throughput Microscopy Screening of Genetically Modified Yeast Libraries
Cohen, Y., & Schuldiner, M. (2011) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-276-2_8 · Cited by 117
“To study the proteins that are required for such cellular processes, these markers should be studied on the background of systematic libraries of mutants, such as the deletion library for nonessential proteins (27), several different libraries allowing downregulation or destabilization of essential proteins (such as t…”
BackgroundStill Stratus Not Altocumulus: Further Evidence against the Date/Party Hub Distinction
Batada, N. N., Reguly, T., Breitkreutz, A., Boucher, L., Breitkreutz, B., Hurst, L. D., & Tyers, M. (2007) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050154 · Cited by 113
Cellular and mitochondrial remodeling upon defects in iron-sulfur protein biogenesis
Hausmann, A., Samans, B., Lill, R., & Mühlenhoff, U. (2008) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m705570200 · Cited by 111
Popov-Celeketic, J., Waizenegger, T., & Rapaport, D. (2007) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2007.12.006 · Cited by 111
Boutros, P. C., & Okey, A. B. (2005) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/6.4.331 · Cited by 109
“In yeast, this work has been extended to include both knockouts of non-essential genes and knockdowns of essential genes, allowing the effects of genetic perturbation of every single gene to be exploited for identification of co-regulation.(51) This type of integration of expression data with functional annotation has…”
BackgroundGenetic Interaction Networks: Toward an Understanding of Heritability
Baryshnikova, A., Costanzo, M., Myers, C. L., Andrews, B., & Boone, C. M. (2013) · Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-082509-141730 · Cited by 112
Self-citationNucleolar URB1 ensures 3′ ETS rRNA removal to prevent exosome surveillance
Shan, L., Xu, G., Yao, R.-W., Luan, P.-F., Huang, Y., Zhang, P.-H., Pan, Y.-H., Zhang, L., Gao, X., Li, Y., et al. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05767-5 · Cited by 111
“Depletion of the URB1 and URB2 homologues Npa1p and Npa2p, respectively, in yeast is lethal, and Npa1p appears to be essential for pre-rRNA processing and ribosome biogenesis, but the precise roles of Npa1p and Npa2p are unclear 20,21 .”
Hulett, J. M., Lueder, F., Chan, N. C., Perry, A., Wolynec, P. P., Likić, V. A., Gooley, P. R., & Lithgow, T. J. (2008) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2007.12.021 · Cited by 109
Biosynthesis of isoprenoids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and flavonoids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Chemler, J. A., Yan, Y., & Koffas, M. A. G. (2006) · Microbial Cell Factories · doi:10.1186/1475-2859-5-20 · Cited by 113
Essential genes as antimicrobial targets and cornerstones of synthetic biology
Juhas, M., Eberl, L., & Church, G. M. (2012) · Trends in biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.08.002 · Cited by 110
Raskin, D. M., Judson, N., & Mekalanos, J. J. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0611650104 · Cited by 108
Analysis of Transcriptional Activation at a Distance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Dobi, K. C., & Winston, F. (2007) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.00459-07 · Cited by 110
“For the systematic genetic array analysis, we screened both the yeast nonessential deletion set (73) and a doxycycline-repressible set of essential genes ( 53 ) by crossing each set to strain FY2584 and screening for growth on SC-His Gal.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialKraynack, B. A., Chan, A., Rosenthal, E. H., Essid, M., Umansky, B., Waters, M. G., & Schmitt, H. D. (2005) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.e05-01-0056 · Cited by 106
Efficient protein depletion by genetically controlled deprotection of a dormant N‐degron
Taxis, C., Stier, G., Spadaccini, R., & Knop, M. (2009) · Molecular Systems Biology · doi:10.1038/msb.2009.25 · Cited by 107
“…protein destabilization, and heat or small molecule-regulated N-degrons for induced protein degradation (Dohmen et al, 1994; Stack et al, 2000; Mnaimneh et al, 2004; Dohmen and Varshavsky, 2005; Banaszynski et al, 2006; Suter et al, 2006; Boutros and Ahringer, 2008) are highly useful tools to…”
BackgroundМаксимова, Н. Р., Hara, K., Nikolaeva, I., Chun-Feng, T., Usui, T., Takagi, M., Nishihira, Y., Miyashita, A., Fujiwara, H., Oyama, T., et al. (2010) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmg.2009.074815 · Cited by 106
“Although the function of NBAS remains unknown, it has two putative leucine zippers, a ribosomal S14 motif and a domain homologous to secretary pathway protein in yeast, Sec39.”
BackgroundYan, Z., Costanzo, M., Heisler, L. E., Paw, J., Kaper, F., Andrews, B., Boone, C. M., Giaever, G. N., & Nislow, C. (2008) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.1231 · Cited by 105
Self-citationCharacterization of a Dual Rac/Cdc42 Inhibitor MBQ-167 in Metastatic Cancer
Humphries‐Bickley, T., Castillo‐Pichardo, L., O'Farril, E. H., Borrero-García, L. D., Forestier-Román, I., Gerena, Y., Blanco, M., Rivera-Robles, M. J., Rodríguez-Medina, J. R., Cubano, L. A., et al. (2017) · Molecular Cancer Therapeutics · doi:10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0442 · Cited by 105
“Using a haploid derivative of the yeast strain BY4741, where the essential gene Cdc42 was knocked out conditionally via a tetracyclineinducible promoter (40), we show thatMBQ-167 exerts a similar phenotype to the cells with reduced Cdc42 expression.”
BackgroundLAS1L interacts with the mammalian Rix1 complex to regulate ribosome biogenesis
Castle, C. D., Cassimere, E. K., & Denicourt, C. (2011) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.e11-06-0530 · Cited by 109
“Real-time PCR analysis was performed on a Light Cycler 480 real-time PCR instrument (Mnaimneh et al. , 2004).”
MethodFadda, A. A., Ryten, M., Droll, D., Rojas, F., Färber, V., Haanstra, J. R., Merce, C., Bakker, B. M., Matthews, K. R., & CLAYTON, C. E. (2014) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/mmi.12764 · Cited by 104
“Independently of the method used, transcriptome-wide decay studies can provide insight into the specificity (Grigull et al., 2004; Mnaimneh et al., 2004; Houalla et al., 2006; Chekanova et al., 2007; Kiss and Andrulis, 2010) and dynamics (Gudipati et al.”
MethodHigh-resolution network biology: connecting sequence with function
Ryan, C. J., Cimermančič, P., Szpiech, Z. A., Šali, A., Hernandez, R. D., & Krogan, N. J. (2013) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3574 · Cited by 98
Self-citationA Survey of Essential Gene Function in the Yeast Cell Division Cycle
Yu, L. X., Peña‐Castillo, L., Mnaimneh, S., Hughes, T. R., & Brown, G. W. (2006) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.e06-04-0368 · Cited by 102
Self-citationA fast and efficient translational control system for conditional expression of yeast genes
Kötter, P., Weigand, J. E., Meyer, B., Entian, K., & Suess, B. (2009) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkp578 · Cited by 101
“For two of them, NOP8 and SEC1, attempts to establish conditional regulation using other systems had failed so far (8,28).”
BackgroundConfirmation of Organized Modularity in the Yeast Interactome
Bertin, N., Simonis, N., Dupuy, D., Cusick, M. E., Han, J. J., Fraser, H. B., Roth, F. P., & Vidal, M. (2007) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050153 · Cited by 100
Servienė, E., Jiang, Y., Cheng, C., Baker, J., & Nagy, P. D. (2006) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.80.3.1231-1241.2006 · Cited by 99
Mutations in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae RPB1 Gene Conferring Hypersensitivity to 6-Azauracil
Malagón, F., Kireeva, M. L., Shafer, B. K., Lubkowska, L., Kashlev, M., & Strathern, J. N. (2006) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.105.052415 · Cited by 99
“…of RNAPII (encoded by RPB1) is essential and we wanted to be able to identify recessive mutations, we developed a screen for rpb1 mutants on the basis of a strain (GRY3019) that contains an RPB1 allele (PtetRPB1) that can be turned off by addition of doxycycline to the media (Mnaimneh et al. 2004).”
BackgroundMethodSimple is good: yeast models of neurodegeneration
Tenreiro, S., & Outeiro, T. F. (2010) · FEMS Yeast Research · doi:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2010.00649.x · Cited by 102
Structural characterization of Tip20p and Dsl1p, subunits of the Dsl1p vesicle tethering complex
Tripathi, A., Ren, Y., Jeffrey, P. D., & Hughson, F. M. (2009) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/nsmb.1548 · Cited by 98
Kopajtich, R., Murayama, K., Janecke, A., Haack, T. B., Breuer, M., Knisely, A. S., Harting, I., Ohashi, T., Okazaki, Y., WATANABE, D., et al. (2016) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.05.027 · Cited by 97
Metadata
- Authors
- Mnaimneh, S., Davierwala, A. P., Haynes, J., Moffat, J., Peng, W.-T., Zhang, W., Yang, X., Pootoolal, J., Chua, G., Lopez, A., Trochesset, M., Morse, D., Krogan, N. J., Hiley, S. L., Li, Z., Morris, Q., Grigull, J., Mitsakakis, N., Roberts, C. J., Greenblatt, J. F., Boone, C., Kaiser, C. A., Andrews, B. J., & Hughes, T. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hughes, Timothy R
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-07
- Volume
- 118
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 31-44
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1974220691
- Cited by
- 604
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 14.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 3303 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bioinformatics and Genomic Networks
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Keywords
- essential genes, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, gene function prediction, ribosome biogenesis, protein secretion, mitochondrial protein import, aminoacylation, proteasome, mutant phenotypes
- MeSH terms
- Alleles, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Genes, Fungal, Mitochondria, Models, Genetic, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Protein Processing, Post-Translational, Ribosomal Proteins, RNA, Transfer, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Transcription, Genetic, Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal, Gene Deletion, Genes, Essential, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Gene Expression Profiling, Feedback, Physiological, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
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