Cited by 861Pluripotent Stem Cells ResearchEpigenetics and DNA MethylationDevelopmental Biology and Gene Regulation

A Molecular Roadmap of Reprogramming Somatic Cells into iPS Cells

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Polo, Jose M., Anderssen, Endre, Walsh, Ryan M., Schwarz, Benjamin A., Nefzger, Christian M., Lim, Sue Mei, Borkent, Marti, Apostolou, Effie +12 more·2012·Cell

Abstract

Factor-induced reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is inefficient, complicating mechanistic studies. Here, we examined defined intermediate cell populations poised to becoming iPSCs by genome-wide analyses. We show that induced pluripotency elicits two transcriptional waves, which are driven by c-Myc/Klf4 (first wave) and Oct4/Sox2/Klf4 (second wave). Cells that become refractory to reprogramming activate the first but fail to initiate the second transcriptional wave and can be rescued by elevated expression of all four factors. The establishment of bivalent domains occurs gradually after the first wave, whereas changes in DNA methylation take place after the second wave when cells acquire stable pluripotency. This integrative analysis allowed us to identify genes that act as roadblocks during reprogramming and surface markers that further enrich for cells prone to forming iPSCs. Collectively, our data offer new mechanistic insights into the nature and sequence of molecular events inherent to cellular reprogramming.

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Authors
Polo, J. M., Anderssen, E., Walsh, R. M., Schwarz, B. A., Nefzger, C. M., Lim, S. M., Borkent, M., Apostolou, E., Alaei, S., Cloutier, J., Bar-Nur, O., Cheloufi, S., Stadtfeld, M., Figueroa, M. E., Robinton, D., Natesan, S., Melnick, A., Zhu, J., Ramaswamy, S., & Hochedlinger, K.
Affiliations
  • Harvard University (US)
  • Broad Institute (US)
  • Monash University (AU)
  • Weill Cornell Medicine (US)
  • National Institutes of Health (US)
  • Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
Corresponding author
  • Ramaswamy, Sridhar
  • Hochedlinger, Konrad
Venue
Cell
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2012-12
Volume
151
Issue
7
Pages
1617-1632
ISSN
0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2060613703
Cited by
861
References
38
Citations by year
2026: 30 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 69 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 90 · 2015: 83 · 2014: 105 · 2013: 76 · 2012: 1
FWCI
34.04
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Cell (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Howard Hughes Medical Institute
  • National Institutes of Health (1dp2od003266-01)
  • National Cancer Institute (T32CA009216)
  • National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P01GM099117)
  • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (ZIAAI001169)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD058013)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Pluripotent Stem Cells Research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
Keywords
induced pluripotent stem cells, cellular reprogramming, c-Myc, KLF4, Oct4, SOX2, bivalent domains, DNA methylation, cell surface markers, pluripotency
MeSH terms
Kruppel-Like Factor 4, Animals, Cytological Techniques, Humans, Transcription Factors, Mice, Genome-Wide Association Study, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, Cellular Reprogramming

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