Spinal Interneurons as Gatekeepers to Neuroplasticity after Injury or Disease

The Sensory Neurons of Touch

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The cytoarchitectonic organization of the spinal cord in the cat

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Using DeepLabCut for 3D markerless pose estimation across species and behaviors

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Single-cell profiling of the developing mouse brain and spinal cord with split-pool barcoding

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A cytoarchitectonic atlas of the spinal coed in the cat

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Dynamic Sensorimotor Interactions in Locomotion

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The injured spinal cord spontaneously forms a new intraspinal circuit in adult rats

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LOCOMOTOR CIRCUITS IN THE MAMMALIAN SPINAL CORD

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Plasticity of motor systems after incomplete spinal cord injury

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Circuits controlling vertebrate locomotion: moving in a new direction

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Restoring Voluntary Control of Locomotion after Paralyzing Spinal Cord Injury

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The Functional Organization of Cutaneous Low-Threshold Mechanosensory Neurons

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Mapping Sub-Second Structure in Mouse Behavior

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Decoding the organization of spinal circuits that control locomotion

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Recovery of supraspinal control of stepping via indirect propriospinal relay connections after spinal cord injury

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Organization of mammalian locomotor rhythm and pattern generation

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Histology Of The Nervous System

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On the initiation of the swing phase of locomotion in chronic spinal cats

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Histology of the nervous system of man and vertebrates

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Distribution of Networks Generating and Coordinating Locomotor Activity in the Neonatal Rat Spinal Cord In Vitro: A Lesion Study

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Neuronal atlas of the dorsal horn defines its architecture and links sensory input to transcriptional cell types

Häring, M., Zeisel, A., Hochgerner, H., Rinwa, P., Jakobsson, J. E. T., Lönnerberg, P., La Manno, G., Sharma, N., Borgius, L., Kiehn, O., et al. (2018) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0141-1 · Cited by 470 · see citing works

Genetic Identification of Spinal Interneurons that Coordinate Left-Right Locomotor Activity Necessary for Walking Movements

Lanuza, G. M., Gosgnach, S., Pierani, A., Jessell, T. M., & Goulding, M. (2004) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(04)00249-1 · Cited by 450 · see citing works

A Cluster of Cholinergic Premotor Interneurons Modulates Mouse Locomotor Activity

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The Cellular and Synaptic Architecture of the Mechanosensory Dorsal Horn

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V1 spinal neurons regulate the speed of vertebrate locomotor outputs

Gosgnach, S., Lanuza, G. M., Butt, S. J. B., Saueressig, H., Zhang, Y., Velasquez, T., Riethmacher, D., Callaway, E. M., Kiehn, O., & Goulding, M. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04545 · Cited by 405 · see citing works

Modelling spinal circuitry involved in locomotor pattern generation: insights from deletions during fictive locomotion

Rybak, I. A., Shevtsova, N. A., Lafrenière‐Roula, M., & McCrea, D. A. (2006) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2006.118703 · Cited by 399 · see citing works

Functional regeneration of respiratory pathways after spinal cord injury

Alilain, W. J., Horn, K. P., Hu, H., Dick, T. E., & Silver, J. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10199 · Cited by 393 · see citing works

Massively Parallel Single Nucleus Transcriptional Profiling Defines Spinal Cord Neurons and Their Activity during Behavior

Sathyamurthy, A., Johnson, K. R., Matson, K. J. E., Dobrott, C. I., Li, L., Ryba, A. R., Bergman, T. B., Kelly, M. C., Kelley, M. W., & Levine, A. J. (2018) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.02.003 · Cited by 370 · see citing works

Single cell transcriptomics reveals spatial and temporal dynamics of gene expression in the developing mouse spinal cord

Delile, J., Rayon, T., Melchionda, M., Edwards, A., Briscoe, J., & Sagner, A. (2019) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.173807 · Cited by 356 · see citing works

V3 Spinal Neurons Establish a Robust and Balanced Locomotor Rhythm during Walking

Zhang, Y., Narayan, S., Geiman, E. J., Lanuza, G. M., Velasquez, T., Shanks, B., Akay, T., Dyck, J. R. B., Pearson, K. G., Gosgnach, S., et al. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.09.027 · Cited by 350 · see citing works

Dual-mode operation of neuronal networks involved in left–right alternation

Talpalar, A. E., Bouvier, J., Borgius, L., Fortin, G., Pierani, A., & Kiehn, O. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12286 · Cited by 345 · see citing works

Adaptation reveals independent control networks for human walking

Choi, J. T., & Bastian, A. J. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1930 · Cited by 344 · see citing works

Neural bases of goal-directed locomotion in vertebrates—An overview

Grillner, S., Wallén, P., Saitoh, K., Kozlov, A., & Robertson, B. (2008) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.06.027 · Cited by 341 · see citing works

SnapShot: spinal cord development

Alaynick, W. A., Jessell, T. M., & Pfaff, S. L. (2011) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.06.038 · Cited by 338 · see citing works

Muscle Spindle Feedback Directs Locomotor Recovery and Circuit Reorganization after Spinal Cord Injury

Takeoka, A., Vollenweider, I., Courtine, G., & Arber, S. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.019 · Cited by 318 · see citing works

Transplanting neural progenitor cells to restore connectivity after spinal cord injury

Fischer, I., Dulin, J. N., & Lane, M. A. (2020) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-020-0314-2 · Cited by 297 · see citing works

Spinal Cord Injury: Time to Move?

Rossignol, S., Schwab, M. E., Schwartz, M., & Fehlings, M. G. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3444-07.2007 · Cited by 289 · see citing works

Motor cortical activity during voluntary gait modifications in the cat. I. Cells related to the forelimbs

Drew, T. (1993) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1993.70.1.179 · Cited by 286 · see citing works

Degradation of mouse locomotor pattern in the absence of proprioceptive sensory feedback

Akay, T., Tourtellotte, W. G., Arber, S., & Jessell, T. M. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1419045111 · Cited by 277 · see citing works

Cell type prioritization in single-cell data

Skinnider, M. A., Squair, J. W., Kathe, C., Anderson, M. A., Gautier, M., Matson, K. J. E., Milano, M., Hutson, T. H., Barraud, Q., Phillips, A. A., et al. (2021) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-020-0605-1 · Cited by 274 · see citing works

Contribution of hind limb flexor muscle afferents to the timing of phase transitions in the cat step cycle

Hiebert, G. W., Whelan, P. J., Procházka, A., & Pearson, K. G. (1996) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1996.75.3.1126 · Cited by 272 · see citing works

Spinal inhibitory interneuron diversity delineates variant motor microcircuits

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Genetic dissection of the circuit for hand dexterity in primates

Kinoshita, M., Matsui, R., Kato, S., Hasegawa, T., Kasahara, H., Isa, K., Watakabe, A., Yamamori, T., Nishimura, Y., Alstermark, B., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11206 · Cited by 259 · see citing works

Descending command neurons in the brainstem that halt locomotion

Bouvier, J., Caggiano, V., Leiras, R., Caldeira, V., Bellardita, C., Balueva, K., Fuchs, A., & Kiehn, O. (2015) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.074 · Cited by 259 · see citing works

Reactivation of Dormant Relay Pathways in Injured Spinal Cord by KCC2 Manipulations

Chen, B., Li, Y., Yu, B., Zhang, Z., Brommer, B., Williams, P. R., Liu, Y., Hegarty, S. V., Zhou, S., Zhu, J., et al. (2018) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.06.005 · Cited by 254 · see citing works

Activation of groups of excitatory neurons in the mammalian spinal cord or hindbrain evokes locomotion

Hägglund, M., Borgius, L., Dougherty, K. J., & Kiehn, O. (2010) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2482 · Cited by 252 · see citing works

Locomotor role of the corticoreticular–reticulospinal–spinal interneuronal system

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Postnatal phenotype and localization of spinal cord V1 derived interneurons

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Fictive motor patterns in chronic spinal cats

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Deletions of Rhythmic Motoneuron Activity During Fictive Locomotion and Scratch Provide Clues to the Organization of the Mammalian Central Pattern Generator

Lafrenière‐Roula, M., & McCrea, D. A. (2005) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00216.2005 · Cited by 237 · see citing works

V1 and V2b Interneurons Secure the Alternating Flexor-Extensor Motor Activity Mice Require for Limbed Locomotion

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Locomotor rhythm generation linked to the output of spinal Shox2 excitatory interneurons

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Comparing Deficits Following Excitotoxic and Contusion Injuries in the Thoracic and Lumbar Spinal Cord of the Adult Rat

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Identification of a Spinal Circuit for Light Touch and Fine Motor Control

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Taking the next step: cortical contributions to the control of locomotion

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The mesencephalic locomotor region. I. Activation of a medullary projection site

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Molecular and cellular development of spinal cord locomotor circuitry

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The role of propriospinal interneurons in recovery from spinal cord injury

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Pax6 and Engrailed 1 Regulate Two Distinct Aspects of Renshaw Cell Development

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Making sense out of spinal cord somatosensory development

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Graded arrays of spinal and supraspinal V2a interneuron subtypes underlie forelimb and hindlimb motor control

Hayashi, M., Hinckley, C. A., Driscoll, S. P., Moore, N. J., Levine, A. J., Hilde, K. L., Sharma, K., & Pfaff, S. L. (2018) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.01.023 · Cited by 188 · see citing works

The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Direction Selectivity of Aδ-LTMRs

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Generation and post-injury integration of human spinal cord neural stem cells

Kumamaru, H., Kadoya, K., Adler, A. F., Takashima, Y., Graham, L., Coppola, G., & Tuszynski, M. H. (2018) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/s41592-018-0074-3 · Cited by 178 · see citing works

Cervical prephrenic interneurons in the normal and lesioned spinal cord of the adult rat

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Observations on some spinal reflexes and the interconnection of spinal segments

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Organization of the Mammalian Locomotor CPG: Review of Computational Model and Circuit Architectures Based on Genetically Identified Spinal Interneurons

Rybak, I. A., Dougherty, K. J., & Shevtsova, N. A. (2015) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0069-15.2015 · Cited by 173 · see citing works

Sir Charles Sherrington's The integrative action of the nervous system: a centenary appreciation

Burke, R. E. (2006) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awm022 · Cited by 172 · see citing works

Neuromodulation of evoked muscle potentials induced by epidural spinal-cord stimulation in paralyzed individuals

Sayenko, D. G., Angeli, C., Harkema, S. J., Edgerton, V. R., & Gerasimenko, Y. (2013) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00489.2013 · Cited by 169 · see citing works

Localization of a descending pathway in the spinal cord which is necessary for controlled treadmill locomotion

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Plasticity of interneuronal networks of the functionally isolated human spinal cord

Harkema, S. J. (2007) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.07.012 · Cited by 164 · see citing works

Electrophysiological Characterization of V2a Interneurons and Their Locomotor-Related Activity in the Neonatal Mouse Spinal Cord

Zhong, G., Droho, S., Crone, S. A., Dietz, S., Kwan, A. C., Webb, W. W., Sharma, K., & Harris-Warrick, R. M. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4849-09.2010 · Cited by 159 · see citing works

Strategies for delineating spinal locomotor rhythm-generating networks and the possible role of Hb9 interneurones in rhythmogenesis

Brownstone, R. M., & Wilson, J. M. M. (2007) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.06.025 · Cited by 153 · see citing works

Spinal circuitry and respiratory recovery following spinal cord injury

Lane, M. A., Lee, K., Fuller, D. D., & Reier, P. J. (2009) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2009.08.007 · Cited by 151 · see citing works

A genetically defined asymmetry underlies the inhibitory control of flexor–extensor locomotor movements

Britz, O., Zhang, J., Grossmann, K. S., Dyck, J. R. B., Kim, J. C., Dymecki, S. M., Gosgnach, S., & Goulding, M. (2015) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.04718 · Cited by 139 · see citing works

Activity-Based Therapy: From Basic Science to Clinical Application for Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury

Behrman, A. L., Ardolino, E., & Harkema, S. J. (2017) · Neurology Report · doi:10.1097/npt.0000000000000184 · Cited by 139 · see citing works

Firing and Cellular Properties of V2a Interneurons in the Rodent Spinal Cord

Dougherty, K. J., & Kiehn, O. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4821-09.2010 · Cited by 138 · see citing works

Long-Distance Descending Spinal Neurons Ensure Quadrupedal Locomotor Stability

Ruder, L., Takeoka, A., & Arber, S. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.10.032 · Cited by 128 · see citing works

Computational modeling of spinal circuits controlling limb coordination and gaits in quadrupeds

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Transplanted Human Stem Cell-Derived Interneuron Precursors Mitigate Mouse Bladder Dysfunction and Central Neuropathic Pain after Spinal Cord Injury

Fandel, T. M., Trivedi, A., Nicholas, C. R., Zhang, H., Chen, J., Martinez, A. F., Noble-Haeusslein, L. J., & Kriegstein, A. R. (2016) · Cell Stem Cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2016.08.020 · Cited by 125 · see citing works

Modeling the mammalian locomotor CPG: insights from mistakes and perturbations

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Injured adult motor and sensory axons regenerate into appropriate organotypic domains of neural progenitor grafts

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Origin and segmental diversity of spinal inhibitory interneurons

Sweeney, L. B., Bikoff, J. B., Gabitto, M. I., Brenner-Morton, S., Baek, M., Yang, J. H., Tabak, E. G., Dasen, J. S., Kintner, C. R., & Jessell, T. M. (2018) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.12.029 · Cited by 116 · see citing works

Central control of interlimb coordination and speed‐dependent gait expression in quadrupeds

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Functional Consequences of Lumbar Spinal Cord Contusion Injuries in the Adult Rat

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MEDIATION OF DESCENDING LONG SPINAL REFLEX ACTIVITY

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Axon regeneration and exercise‐dependent plasticity after spinal cord injury

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Epidural stimulation of the spinal cord in spinal cord injury: current status and future challenges

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Proprioceptive Modulation of Hip Flexor Activity During the Swing Phase of Locomotion in Decerebrate Cats

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Reversible cooling of the brainstem reveals areas required for mesencephalic locomotor region evoked treadmill locomotion

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ANALYSIS OF FORELIMB-HINDLIMB REFLEX ACTIVITY IN ACUTELY DECAPITATE CATS

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A Functional Topographic Map for Spinal Sensorimotor Reflexes

Gatto, G., Bourane, S., Ren, X., Di Costanzo, S., Fenton, P. K., Halder, P., Seal, R. P., & Goulding, M. D. (2021) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2020.10.003 · Cited by 92 · see citing works

Anatomical Recruitment of Spinal V2a Interneurons into Phrenic Motor Circuitry after High Cervical Spinal Cord Injury

Zholudeva, L. V., Karliner, J. S., Dougherty, K. J., & Lane, M. A. (2017) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2017.5045 · Cited by 88 · see citing works

Transplantation of Neural Progenitors and V2a Interneurons after Spinal Cord Injury

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Sexual Dimorphism of Spinal Neural Circuits Controlling the Mouse External Urethral Sphincter With and Without Spinal Cord Injury

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Corticospinal and corticoreticulospinal projections have discrete but complementary roles in chronic motor behaviors after stroke

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Spinal dI4 Interneuron Differentiation From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Potential Roles of Specific Subclasses of Premotor Interneurons in Spinal Cord Function Recovery after Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in Adults

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Human induced pluripotent stem cell–derived therapies for regeneration after central nervous system injury

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Plastic Spinal Motor Circuits in Health and Disease

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Exposure to an enriched environment modulates the synaptic vesicle cycle in a mouse spinal cord injury model

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Bioprinted Microchannel Scaffolds Modulate Neuronal Differentiation of Encapsulated Human Spinal Cord Progenitor Cells

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How new communication behaviors evolve: Androgens as modifiers of neuromotor structure and function in foot-flagging frogs

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Mitigating sTNF/TNFR1 activation on VGluT2 + spinal cord interneurons improves immune function after mid-thoracic spinal cord injury

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Targeted neuromodulation of spinal interneurons enhances breathing in chronic spinal cord injury

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Neurorehabilitation Based on Spinal Cord Stimulation and Motor Training

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Exploring the Feasibility of Bidirectional Spinal Cord Machine Interface Through Sensing and Stimulation of Axonal Bundles

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Regeneration after Spinal Cord Injury: A Review on the Crucial Aspects of V2a Interneurons

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Altered Functional Connectivity Between Cortical Premotor Areas and the Spinal Cord in Chronic Stroke

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Reach-to-Grasp and tactile discrimination task: A new task for the study of sensory-motor learning

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Epigenetics of pain highways (Review)

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Beyond Transplantation: Engineering Neural Cell Therapies and Combination Strategies for Spinal Cord Repair

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Human spinal interneurons repair the injured rat spinal cord through synaptic integration

Zholudeva, L. V., Agrawal, A., Fortino, T. A., Hurley, P., Kwong, W., Pelonero, A., Vila, O. F., Williams, M., McDevitt, T. C., Lane, M. A., et al. (2026) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aea7461 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Intermediate gray matter interneurons in the lumbar spinal cord play a critical and necessary role in coordinated locomotion

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Systemic LPS Administration Stimulates the Activation of Non-Neuronal Cells in an Experimental Model of Spinal Muscular Atrophy

Karafoulidou, E., Kesidou, E., Theotokis, P., Konstantinou, C., Nella, M., Michailidou, I., Touloumi, O., Polyzoidou, E., Salamotas, I., Einstein, O., et al. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13090785 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Spinal cord homeostatic plasticity gates mechanical allodynia in chronic painPreprint

Cao, B., Scherrer, G., & Chen, L. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.01.10.475704 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Corticospinal and corticoreticulospinal projections benefit motor behaviors in chronic strokePreprint

Taga, M., Hong, Y. N. G., Charalambous, C. C., Raju, S., Hayes, L., Lin, J., Zhang, Y., Shao, Y., Houston, M. J., Zhang, Y., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.04.04.588112 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Astrocyte regeneration via FGF8-DBX1 signalling facilitates recovery in neuromyelitis optica rats

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Rebuilding spinal circuit function after spinal cord injury through a patient-specific interneuron precision model

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Propriospinal neurons as relay pathways from brain to spinal cord

Sandoval, A., He, Z., & Chen, B. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819260-3.00013-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Spinal interneurons and breathing

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Neurorehabilitation Based on Spinal Cord Stimulation and Motor Training

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Plastic Changes Induced by Motor Activity in Spinal Cord Injury

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Hyaluronic Acid-Alginate Hydrazone Crosslinked Hydrogels Support the Generation and Maturation of V2a InterneuronsPreprint

Galindo, A. N., McLaren, M. E., Chi, A. K., Khachatourian, J. D., Butts, J. C., & Hettiaratchi, M. H. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.06.01.729352 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Specific functions of Slack potassium channels in sensory neurons and spinal dorsal horn neurons in pain processing

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Comparing the effects of microgravity and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis on mouse dorsal root ganglia

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Presynaptic Enhancement of Transmission from Nociceptors Expressing Nav1.8 onto Lamina-I Spinothalamic Tract Neurons by Spared Nerve Injury in Mice

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Cellular biology of the central nervous system

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Regenerative and Repair Strategies for the Central Nervous System: Progress in Basic and Clinical Research on Spinal Cord Injury

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Rapid and efficient optical tissue clearing for volumetric imaging of the intact and injured spinal cord in mice

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Recovery of Motor Function via Intraspinal Detour Circuits following Unilateral Spinal Cord Injury

Nakagawa, H., Fujita, Y., & Yamashita, T. (2025) · European Neurology · doi:10.1159/000549481

pНРМА-hydrogel does not improve intensive autogenic recovery of motor function after lateral spinal cord fragment excision in adult rats

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Bypass neural interfaces for paralysis: clinical translation, challenges and future directions

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Whole-Body Vibration After Compressive Spinal Cord-Injury in Rats Restores Dorsal Horn Synaptic Relations and Alleviates Pain-Associated Behavior

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Microglial CX3CR1 signaling mediates synaptic pruning in degenerative cervical myelopathy

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Hyaluronic acid–alginate hydrazone crosslinked hydrogels support the generation and maturation of V2a interneurons

Galindo, A. N., McLaren, M. E., Chi, A. K., Khachatourian, J. D., Butts, J. C., & Hettiaratchi, M. H. (2026) · Journal of Materials Chemistry B · doi:10.1039/d6tb01306f

The Functional Role of Spinal Interneurons Following Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury

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The Neuroplastic and Therapeutic Potential of Spinal Interneurons in the Injured Spinal Cord

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The role of propriospinal interneurons in recovery from spinal cord injury

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Propriospinal neurons as relay pathways from brain to spinal cord

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Recovery of Motor Function via Intraspinal Detour Circuits following Unilateral Spinal Cord Injury

Nakagawa, H., Fujita, Y., & Yamashita, T. (2025) · European Neurology · doi:10.1159/000549481