The DOI matches its Crossref record; 76 of the 80 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Functional SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Memory Persists after Mild COVID-19
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus is causing a global pandemic, and cases continue to rise. Most infected individuals experience mildly symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but it is unknown whether this can induce persistent immune memory that could contribute to immunity. We performed a longitudinal assessment of individuals recovered from mild COVID-19 to determine whether they develop and sustain multifaceted SARS-CoV-2-specific immunological memory. Recovered individuals developed SARS-CoV-2-specific immunoglobulin (IgG) antibodies, neutralizing plasma, and memory B and memory T cells that persisted for at least 3 months. Our data further reveal that SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG memory B cells increased over time. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2-specific memory lymphocytes exhibited characteristics associated with potent antiviral function: memory T cells secreted cytokines and expanded upon antigen re-encounter, whereas memory B cells expressed receptors capable of neutralizing virus when expressed as monoclonal antibodies. Therefore, mild COVID-19 elicits memory lymphocytes that persist and display functional hallmarks of antiviral immunity.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“SARS-CoV-2 infection rapidly elicits nAbs (16, 21–24) that decline, but remain detectable, over several months (25–29).”
From mRNA vaccination boosts cross-variant neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection (2021) · cites this paper as [26]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Among cytokine profiles of spike-responsive memory T cells, production was dominated by the expression of IL-2 and IFN-γ that were highly expressed by CCR6− subsets.32, 33”
From Safety and immunogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 ARCoV mRNA vaccine in Chinese adults: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial (2022) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“However, neutralizing antibody responses decay rapidly in early convalescence9,14–17.”
From Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“We and others have shown that SARS-CoV-2-specific memory B cells accumulate over the first few months after initial infection2,3,8,9,28 (Fig. 1a)”
From Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“The observations that frequencies of circulating memory B cells continue to increase for several months after recovery from COVID-19 (refs2,3,8,9,28), when most other responses are declining (Fig. 1a), suggest that recall of B cell memory may provide a mechanism to extend the duration of antibody-dependent protection in the face of waning serological titres.”
From Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“SARS-CoV-2 infection can induce the production of neutralizing antibodies, and these antibodies are believed to contribute to protection from reinfection (Rodda et al., 2020; Wajnberg et al., 2020).”
From SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and P.1 escape from neutralizing antibodies (2021) · cites this paper as Rodda et al., 2020
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Hoffmann, M., Kleine-Weber, H., Schroeder, S., Krüger, N., Herrler, T., Erichsen, S., Schiergens, T. S., Herrler, G., Wu, N.-H., Nitsche, A., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052 · Cited by 20,286
Wu, Z., & McGoogan, J. M. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2648 · Cited by 17,016
Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019
Wölfel, R., Corman, V. M., Guggemos, W., Seilmaier, M., Zange, S., Müller, M. A., Niemeyer, D., Jones, T. C., Vollmar, P., Rothe, C., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2196-x · Cited by 6,661
Two subsets of memory T lymphocytes with distinct homing potentials and effector functions
Sallusto, F., Lenig, D., Förster, R., Lipp, M., & Lanzavecchia, A. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/44385 · Cited by 5,846 · cited 1×
“Antigen-specific memory CD4 T cells proliferate to re-seed the memory pool and generate effector cells upon antigen reexposure (Sallusto et al., 1999).”
Grifoni, A., Weiskopf, D., Ramirez, S. I., Mateus, J., Dan, J. M., Moderbacher, C. R., Rawlings, S. A., Sutherland, A., Premkumar, L., Jadi, R. S., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.015 · Cited by 3,595
Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19
Long, Q.-X., Liu, B.-Z., Deng, H.-J., Wu, G.-C., Deng, K., Chen, Y.-K., Liao, P., Qiu, J.-F., Lin, Y., Cai, X.-F., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0897-1 · Cited by 2,876
Self-citationSARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity in cases of COVID-19 and SARS, and uninfected controls
Le Bert, N., Tan, A. T., Kunasegaran, K., Tham, C. Y. L., Hafezi, M., Chia, A., Chng, M. H. Y., Lin, M., Tan, N., Linster, M., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2550-z · Cited by 1,887
Convergent Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Convalescent Individuals
Robbiani, D. F., Gaebler, C., Muecksch, F., Lorenzi, J. C. C., Wang, Z., Cho, A., Agudelo, M., Barnes, C. O., Gazumyan, A., Finkin, S., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2456-9 · Cited by 1,853
Robust T Cell Immunity in Convalescent Individuals with Asymptomatic or Mild COVID-19
Sekine, T., Perez-Potti, A., Rivera-Ballesteros, O., Strålin, K., Gorin, J.-B., Olsson, A., Llewellyn-Lacey, S., Kamal, H., Bogdanovic, G., Muschiol, S., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.017 · Cited by 1,788
Immunological memory and protective immunity: understanding their relation
Ahmed, R., & Gray, D. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.272.5258.54 · Cited by 1,775 · cited 2×
“(legend continued on next page) ll Cell 184, 169–183, January 7, 2021 171 Article ll Article years, depending upon the specific viral infection (Slifka and Ahmed, 1996).”
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Nellore, 2019, Fcrl5 and T-bet define influenza-specific memory B cells that predict long-lived antibody responses, bioRxiv
- Wajnberg, 2020, SARS-CoV-2 infection induces robust, neutralizing antibody responses that are stable for at least three months, medRxiv
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 644
Production and use of antigen tetramers to study antigen-specific B cells
Phelps, A., Pazos‐Castro, D., Urselli, F., Grydziuszko, E., Mann-Delany, O., Fang, A., Walker, T. D., Guruge, R. T., Tomé‐Amat, J., Díaz‐Perales, A., et al. (2024) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/s41596-023-00930-8 · Cited by 32
Gouma, S., Weirick, M. E., Bolton, M. J., Arevalo, C. P., Goodwin, E. C., Anderson, E. M., McAllister, C. M., Christensen, S. R., Dunbar, D., Fiore, D., et al. (2021) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.150449 · Cited by 30
Immunological Profiling of COVID-19 Patients with Pulmonary Sequelae
Wu, J., Tang, L., Ma, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, D., Li, Q., Mei, H., & Hu, Y. (2021) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01599-21 · Cited by 30
Tormo, N., Navalpotro, D., Martínez-Serrano, M., Moreno, M., Grosson, F., Tur, I., Guna, M. R., Soriano, P., Tornero, A., & Gimeno, C. (2021) · Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease · doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115573 · Cited by 30
Immune-Guided Therapy of COVID-19
Ferraccioli, G., Gremese, E., Goletti, D., Petrone, L., Cantini, F., Ugel, S., Canè, S., & Bronte, V. (2022) · Cancer Immunology Research · doi:10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0675 · Cited by 30
Winklmeier, S., Eisenhut, K., Taskin, D., Rübsamen, H., Gerhards, R., Schneider, C., Wratil, P. R., Stern, M., Eichhorn, P., Keppler, O. T., et al. (2021) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.103659 · Cited by 31
Innate and adaptive immune response in SARS-CoV-2 infection-Current perspectives
Zhu, Q., Xu, Y., Wang, T., & Xie, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1053437 · Cited by 32
Navigating the Post-COVID-19 Immunological Era: Understanding Long COVID-19 and Immune Response
Mohan, A., Iyer, V. A., Kumar, D., Batra, L., & Dahiya, P. (2023) · Life · doi:10.3390/life13112121 · Cited by 31
Functional responsiveness of memory T cells from COVID-19 patients
Tavukçuoğlu, E., Horzum, U., İnkaya, A. Ç., Ünal, S., & Esendağlı, G. (2021) · Cellular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104363 · Cited by 29
Humoral Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and the Impact on COVID-19 Pathogenesis
Lee, E.-J., & Oh, J. E. (2021) · Molecules and Cells · doi:10.14348/molcells.2021.0075 · Cited by 30
A Review on Immunological Responses to SARS-CoV-2 and Various COVID-19 Vaccine Regimens
Upreti, S., & Samant, M. (2022) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-022-03323-w · Cited by 29
Hu, Z., van der Ploeg, K., Chakraborty, S., Arunachalam, P. S., Mori, D. A., Jacobson, K. B., Bonilla, H. F., Parsonnet, J., Andrews, J. R., Holubar, M. K., et al. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.77943 · Cited by 30
Jacobsen, E., Fabricius, D., Class, M., Topfstedt, F., Lorenzetti, R., Janowska, I., Schmidt, F., Staniek, J., Zernickel, M., Stamminger, T., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-35055-1 · Cited by 29
Zeng, Y. C., Young, O. J., Xiong, Q., Si, L., Ku, M., Bernier, S. G., Dembele, H., Isinelli, G., Gilboa, T., Swank, Z., et al. (2026) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-026-01614-w · Cited by 29
Multiple Sclerosis and SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination: Considerations for Immune-Depleting Therapies
Sellner, J., & Rommer, P. S. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9020099 · Cited by 28
Robust correlations across six SARS‐CoV‐2 serology assays detecting distinct antibody features
Rowntree, L. C., Chua, B. Y. L., Nicholson, S. R., Koutsakos, M., Hensen, L., Douros, C., Selva, K. J., Mordant, F. L., Wong, C. Y., Habel, J. R., et al. (2021) · Clinical & Translational Immunology · doi:10.1002/cti2.1258 · Cited by 29
Perspective: diagnostic laboratories should urgently develop T cell assays for SARS-CoV-2 infection
Ameratunga, R., Woon, S., Jordan, A., Longhurst, H. J., Leung, E. Y., Steele, R. H., Lehnert, K., Snell, R. G., & Brooks, A. E. S. (2021) · Expert Review of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1080/1744666x.2021.1905525 · Cited by 28
COVID-19 Research: Lessons from Non-Human Primate Models
Albrecht, L., Bishop, E., Jay, B., Lafoux, B., Minoves, M., & Passaes, C. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9080886 · Cited by 30
Immunomodulatory Role of Microelements in COVID-19 Outcome: a Relationship with Nutritional Status
Renata, R.-B. N., González-Rascón, A. A., Leija-Montoya, A. G., & Mejía-León, M. E. (2022) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1007/s12011-022-03290-8 · Cited by 28
Murray, M. J., McIntosh, M., Atkinson, C. E., Mahungu, T. W., Wright, E., Chatterton, W., Gandy, M., & Reeves, M. B. (2021) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2021.03.010 · Cited by 28
Insights into SARS-CoV-2 evolution, potential antivirals, and vaccines
Abdel-Moneim, A. S., Abdelwhab, E. M., & Memish, Z. A. (2021) · Virology · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2021.02.007 · Cited by 27
Lehmann, A. A., Kirchenbaum, G. A., Zhang, T., Reche, P. A., & Lehmann, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.635942 · Cited by 27
What Happens to the Immune System after Vaccination or Recovery from COVID-19?
Tiyo, B. T., Schmitz, G. J. H., Ortega, M. M., da Silva, L. T., de Almeida, A., Oshiro, T. M., & Duarte, A. J. D. S. (2021) · Life · doi:10.3390/life11111152 · Cited by 28
Triple jeopardy in ageing: COVID-19, co-morbidities and inflamm-ageing
Rea, I. M., & Alexander, H. D. (2021) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101494 · Cited by 27
Rajamanickam, A., Kumar, N. P., Pandiaraj, A. N., Selvaraj, N., Munisankar, S., Renji, R. M., Venkataramani, V., Murhekar, M., Thangaraj, J. W. V., Muthusamy, S. K., et al. (2022) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1002/jlb.5cova0721-392rr · Cited by 28
Exploring the Utility of NK Cells in COVID-19
Deng, X., Terunuma, H., & Nieda, M. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10051002 · Cited by 27
COVID-19 influenced gut dysbiosis, post-acute sequelae, immune regulation, and therapeutic regimens
Raj, S., Bruce, A. W., Anbalagan, M., Srinivasan, H., Chinnappan, S., Rajagopal, M. S., Khanna, K., Chandramoorthy, H. C. K., & Mani, R. R. (2024) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2024.1384939 · Cited by 26
Immune Correlates of COVID-19 Control
Poonia, B., & Kottilil, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.569611 · Cited by 26
Performance Characteristics of the Vidas SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG Serological Assays
Renard, N., Daniel, S., Cayet, N., Pecquet, M., Raymond, F., Pons, S., Lupo, J., Tourneur, C., Pretis, C., Gerez, G., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.02292-20 · Cited by 27
Immune profiling of COVID-19: preliminary findings and implications for the pandemic
Maecker, H. T. (2021) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2021-002550 · Cited by 26
Immune response to SARS‐CoV‐2 in children: A review of the current knowledge
Filippatos, F., Tatsi, E., & Michos, A. G. (2021) · Pediatric Investigation · doi:10.1002/ped4.12283 · Cited by 26
Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Children With COVID-19
Han, M. S., Um, J., Lee, E. J., Kim, K. M., Chang, S. H., Lee, H., Kim, Y. K., Choi, Y. Y., Cho, E. Y., Kim, D. H., et al. (2022) · Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · doi:10.1093/jpids/piac012 · Cited by 27
Scharf, L., Axelsson, H., Emmanouilidi, A., Mathew, N. R., Sheward, D. J., Leach, S., Isakson, P., Smirnov, I. V., Marklund, E., Miron, N., et al. (2022) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.165299 · Cited by 29
Tracking B cell responses to the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 vaccine
de Assis, F. L., Hoehn, K. B., Zhang, X., Kardava, L., Smith, C. D., Merhebi, O. E., Buckner, C. M., Trihemasava, K., Wang, W., Seamon, C. A., et al. (2023) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112780 · Cited by 28
Evidence of a Sjögren’s disease–like phenotype following COVID-19 in mice and humans
Shen, Y., Voigt, A., Goranova, L., Abed, M., Kleiner, D. E., Maldonado, J. O., Beach, M. E., Pelayo, E., Chiorini, J. A., Craft, W. F., et al. (2023) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.166540 · Cited by 28
Law, J. C., Koh, W. H., Budylowski, P., Lin, J., Yue, F., Abe, K. T., Rathod, B., Girard, M., Li, Z., Rini, J. M., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2001067 · Cited by 27
Early and long term antibody kinetics of asymptomatic and mild disease COVID-19 patients
Efrati, S., Catalogna, M., Hamed, R. A., Hadanny, A., Bar‐Chaim, A., Benveniste‐Levkovitz, P., Strugo, R., & Levtzion‐Korach, O. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-93175-y · Cited by 25
Infection and Immune Memory: Variables in Robust Protection by Vaccines Against SARS-CoV-2
Ahluwalia, P. K., Vaibhav, K., Ahluwalia, M., Mondal, A. K., Sahajpal, N., Rojiani, A. M., & Kolhe, R. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.660019 · Cited by 25
Takamatsu, Y., Imai, M., Maeda, K., Nakajima, N., Higashi‐Kuwata, N., Iwatsuki‐Horimoto, K., Ito, M., Kiso, M., Maemura, T., Takeda, Y., et al. (2021) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01551-21 · Cited by 25
What the immune response to the coronavirus says about the prospects for a vaccine
Ledford, H. K. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-020-02400-7 · Cited by 24
Genetic Evidence and Host Immune Response in Persons Reinfected with SARS-CoV-2, Brazil
Rodrigues, N. F., da Silva, A. D. P. D., dos Santos, M. C., Saraiva, F., Ferreira, M. A., Gesto, J. S. M., Rodrigues, D. A. S., Vale, A. M., de Azevedo, I. G., Soares, V. C., et al. (2021) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2705.204912 · Cited by 26
SARS‐CoV‐2 memory B and T cell profiles in mild COVID‐19 convalescent patients
Gurevich, M., Zilkha‐Falb, R., Sonis, P., Magalashvili, D., Menascu, S., Flechter, S., Dolev, M., Mandel, M., & Achiron, A. (2021) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.12.309 · Cited by 24
Zhang, L., Poorbaugh, J., Dougan, M. L., Chen, P., Gottlieb, R., Huhn, G. D., Beasley, S., Daniels, M., Trinh, T. N. V., Crisp, M., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.790469 · Cited by 25
Altomare, C. G., Adelsberg, D. C., Carreño, J. M., Sapse, I. A., Amanat, F., Ellebedy, A. H., Simon, V. R., Krammer, F., & Bajic, G. (2022) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.03580-21 · Cited by 24
Eco-Environmental Aspects of COVID-19 Pandemic and Potential Control Strategies
Nazir, R., Ali, J., Rasul, I., Widemann, É., & Shafiq, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18073488 · Cited by 23
Racine‐Brzostek, S., Yee, J. K., Sukhu, A. C., Qiu, Y., Rand, S., Barone, P. D., Hao, Y., Yang, H. S., Meng, Q. H., Apple, F. S., et al. (2021) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.151477 · Cited by 25
ACE2 and Innate Immunity in the Regulation of SARS-CoV-2-Induced Acute Lung Injury: A Review
Qu, L., Chen, C., Yin, T., Fang, Q., Hong, Z.-Z., Zhou, R., Tang, H., & Dong, H. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222111483 · Cited by 23
Bert, N. L., Chia, W. N., Wan, W. Y., Teo, A. K. J., Chong, S. Z. R., Tan, N., Tan, D. S. C., Chia, A., Tan, I. B., Kunasegaran, K., et al. (2021) · Emerging Microbes & Infections · doi:10.1080/22221751.2021.1999777 · Cited by 23
Zhang, R., Khong, K.-W., Leung, K., Liu, D., Fan, Y., Lu, L., Chan, P.-C., Chen, L., To, K. K., Chen, H., et al. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9121442 · Cited by 24
Wolf, C., Köppert, S., Becza, N., Küerten, S., Kirchenbaum, G. A., & Lehmann, P. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11223662 · Cited by 23
Priest, D. G., Ebihara, T., Tulyeu, J., Søndergaard, J. N., Sakakibara, S., Sugihara, F., Nakao, S., Togami, Y., Yoshimura, J., Ito, H., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-50997-4 · Cited by 24
Human antiviral B cell responses: Emerging lessons from hepatitis B and COVID‐19
Burton, A. R., & Maini, M. K. (2021) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.12953 · Cited by 24
Heterogeneous magnitude of immunological memory to SARS‐CoV‐2 in recovered individuals
Mazzoni, A., Maggi, L., Capone, M., Vanni, A., Spinicci, M., Salvati, L., Kiros, S. T., Semeraro, R., Pengue, L., Colao, M. G., et al. (2021) · Clinical & Translational Immunology · doi:10.1002/cti2.1281 · Cited by 24
T Cells Targeting SARS-CoV-2: By Infection, Vaccination, and Against Future Variants
Nguyen, T. H. O., Cohen, C. A., Rowntree, L. C., Bull, M. B., Hachim, A., Kedzierska, K., & Valkenburg, S. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.793102 · Cited by 24
Development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: challenges, risks, and the way forward
Vashishtha, V. M., & Kumar, P. (2020) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2020.1845524 · Cited by 22
Challenges and Issues of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines
Blumental, S., & Debré, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.664179 · Cited by 22
Hybrid Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Variants: A Narrative Review of the Literature
Tsagkli, P., Geropeppa, M., Papadatou, I., & Spoulou, V. I. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12091051 · Cited by 24
Nervous System-Systemic Crosstalk in SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19: A Unique Dyshomeostasis Syndrome
Anand, H., Ende, V., Singh, G. K., Qureshi, I., Duong, T. Q., & Mehler, M. F. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.727060 · Cited by 22
Hachim, A., Gu, H., Kavian, O., Kwan, M. Y. W., Chan, W. H., Yau, Y. S., Chiu, S. S. S., Tsang, O. T., Hui, D. S. C., Ma, F. N. L., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.01.03.21249180 · Cited by 22
Persistence of Anti-S Titre among Healthcare Workers Vaccinated with BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19
Coppeta, L., Somma, G., Ferrari, C., Mazza, A., Rizza, S., Aurilio, M. T., Perrone, S., Magrini, A., & Pietroiusti, A. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9090947 · Cited by 21
Karuna, S., Li, S. S., Grant, S., Walsh, S. R., Frank, I., Casapía, M., Trahey, M., Hyrien, O., Fisher, L. H., Miner, M. D., et al. (2021) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003868 · Cited by 21
Persistence of T Cell and Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Up to 9 Months after Symptom Onset
Law, J. C., Girard, M., Chao, G. Y. C., Ward, L. A., Isho, B., Rathod, B., Colwill, K., Li, Z., Rini, J. M., Yue, F. Y., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2100727 · Cited by 23
Haralambieva, I. H., Monroe, J. M., Ovsyannikova, I. G., Grill, D. E., Poland, G. A., & Kennedy, R. B. (2022) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiac042 · Cited by 21
Choy, C., Chen, J., Li, J., Gallagher, D. T., Lü, J., Wu, D., Zou, A., Hemani, H., Baptiste, B. A., Wichmann, E., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-42430-z · Cited by 21
SARS-CoV-2 Antigenemia as a Confounding Factor in Immunodiagnostic Assays: A Case Study
Belogiannis, K., Florou, V. A., Fragkou, P. C., Ferous, S., Chatzis, L. G., Polyzou, A., Lаgopati, N., Touliatou, A., Vassilakos, D., Κίττας, Χ., et al. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13061143 · Cited by 21
Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Immunity in Convalescent Children and Adolescents
Tsang, H. W., Chua, G. T., To, K. K., Wong, J. S. C., Tu, W., Kwok, J., Wong, W. H. S., Wang, X., Zhang, Y., Duque, J. S. R., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.797919 · Cited by 20
Habel, J. R., Chua, B. Y. L., Kedzierski, Ł., Selva, K. J., Damelang, T., Haycroft, E. R., Nguyen, T. H. O., Koay, H., Nicholson, S. R., McQuilten, H. A., et al. (2023) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.167157 · Cited by 20
An Agent-Based Model of the Local Spread of SARS-CoV-2: Modeling Study
Staffini, A., Svensson, A. K., Chung, U., & Svensson, T. (2021) · JMIR Medical Informatics · doi:10.2196/24192 · Cited by 20
SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response Is Associated with Age and Body Mass Index in Convalescent Outpatients
Zhai, B., Clarke, K. S., Bauer, D. L., Geffel, K. M., Kupul, S., Schratz, L. J., Nowalk, M. P., McElroy, A. K., McLachlan, J. B., Zimmerman, R. K., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2101156 · Cited by 20
Paschold, L., Klee, B., Gottschick, C., Willscher, E., Diexer, S., Schultheiß, C., Simnica, D., Sedding, D., Girndt, M., Gekle, M., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.876306 · Cited by 21
Immune response induced by novel coronavirus infection
Sun, Y., Zou, Y., Wang, H., Cui, G., Yu, Z., & Ren, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.988604 · Cited by 20
Phenotypes and Functions of SARS-CoV-2-Reactive T Cells
Jung, M. K., & Shin, E. (2021) · Molecules and Cells · doi:10.14348/molcells.2021.0079 · Cited by 19
Egbert, E. R., Xiao, S., Colantuoni, E., Caturegli, P., Gadala, A., Milstone, A. M., & Debes, A. K. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.23256 · Cited by 19
Tissue immunity to SARS‐CoV‐2: Role in protection and immunopathology*
Rybkina, K., Davis‐Porada, J., & Färber, D. L. (2022) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.13112 · Cited by 19
SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific TFH cells exhibit unique responses in infected and vaccinated individuals
He, R., Zheng, X., Zhang, J., Liu, B., Wang, Q., Wu, Q., Liu, Z., Chang, F., Hu, Y., Xie, T., et al. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01650-x · Cited by 21
Immediate myeloid depot for SARS-CoV-2 in the human lung
Magnen, M., You, R., Rao, A. A., Davis, R. T., Rodriguez, L., Bernard, O., Simoneau, C. R., Hysenaj, L., Hu, K. H., Maishan, M., et al. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adm8836 · Cited by 20
Affinity Tag Coating Enables Reliable Detection of Antigen-Specific B Cells in Immunospot Assays
Köppert, S., Wolf, C., Becza, N., Sautto, G. A., Franke, F., Küerten, S., Ross, T. M., Lehmann, P., & Kirchenbaum, G. A. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10081843 · Cited by 19
COVID-19 vaccination strategies depend on the underlying network of social interactions
Herrmann, H. A., & Schwartz, J. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-03167-1 · Cited by 21
High-throughput quantitation of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in a single-dilution homogeneous assay
Kainulainen, M. H., Bergeron, É., Chatterjee, P., Chapman, A. P., Lee, J. S., Chida, A. S., Tang, X., Wharton, R. E., Mercer, K. B., Petway, M., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-91300-5 · Cited by 18
Approach to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis
Woopen, C., Schleußner, K., Akgün, K., & Ziemssen, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.701752 · Cited by 20
Efrati, S., Catalogna, M., Hamad, R. A., Hadanny, A., Bar‐Chaim, A., Benveniste‐Levkovitz, P., & Levtzion‐Korach, O. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-96129-6 · Cited by 19
Antibody Dynamics and Durability in Coronavirus Disease-19
Zuiani, A., & Wesemann, D. R. (2021) · Clinics in Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cll.2021.10.004 · Cited by 19
Uraki, R., Imai, M., Ito, M., Shime, H., Odanaka, M., Okuda, M., Kawaoka, Y., & Yamazaki, S. (2021) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1010085 · Cited by 18
An efficient immunoassay for the B cell help function of SARS-CoV-2-specific memory CD4+ T cells
Ansari, A., Sachan, S., Jit, B. P., Sharma, A. K., Coshic, P., Sette, A., Weiskopf, D., & Gupta, N. (2022) · Cell Reports Methods · doi:10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100224 · Cited by 19
Novel skewed usage of B-cell receptors in COVID-19 patients with various clinical presentations
Ma, J., Bai, H., Gong, T., Mao, W., Nie, Y., Zhang, X., Da, Y., Wang, X., Qin, H., Zeng, Q., et al. (2022) · Immunology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2022.08.006 · Cited by 18
Johnson, S. A., Phillips, E., Adele, S., Longet, S., Malone, T., Mason, C. J., Stafford, L., Jämsén, A., Gardiner, S., Deeks, A. S., et al. (2023) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1093/cei/uxad027 · Cited by 18
Lecouturier, J., Kelly, M. P., Graham, F., Meyer, C., Tang, M. Y., Goffe, L., Bonell, C. P., Michie, S., & Sniehotta, F. F. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113778 · Cited by 18
An update on host immunity correlates and prospects of re-infection in COVID-19
Negi, N., Maurya, S. P., Singh, R., & Das, B. K. (2021) · International Reviews of Immunology · doi:10.1080/08830185.2021.2019727 · Cited by 20
Vo, H. T. M., Maestri, A., Auerswald, H., Sorn, S., Lay, S., Seng, H., Sann, S., Ya, N., Pean, P., Dussart, P., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.817905 · Cited by 19
Kannenberg, J., Trawinski, H., Henschler, R., Buhmann, R., Hönemann, M., & Jassoy, C. (2022) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiac034 · Cited by 20
Tian, D., Song, Y., Zhang, M., Pan, Y., Ge, Z., Zhang, Y., Ren, X., Wen, J., Xu, Y., Guo, H., et al. (2022) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.27636 · Cited by 18
Fahrner, J., Lahmar, I., Goubet, A., Haddad, Y., Carrier, A., Mazzenga, M., Drubay, D., Silva, C. A. C., Lyon COVID Study Group, de Sousa, E., et al. (2022) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-1441 · Cited by 20
Can live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine contribute to stopping the pandemic?
Tang, P. C. H., Ng, W. H., King, N. J. C., & Mahalingam, S. (2022) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1010821 · Cited by 18
Self-citationWolszczak-Biedrzycka, B., Dorf, J., Wojewódzka‐Żeleźniakowicz, M., Żendzian‐Piotrowska, M., Dymicka-Piekarska, V., Matowicka-Karna, J., & Maciejczyk, M. (2023) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s439217 · Cited by 17
de Campos‐Mata, L., Vaquero, S. T., Tachó‐Piñot, R., Piñero, J., Grasset, E. K., Arrieta‐Aldea, I., Melero, N. R., Carolis, C., Horcajada, J. P., Cerutti, A., et al. (2021) · Clinical & Translational Immunology · doi:10.1002/cti2.1339 · Cited by 17
The race for a COVID-19 vaccine: where are we up to?
Hossain, M. K., Hassanzadeganroudsari, M., Feehan, J., & Apostolopoulos, V. (2021) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2022.2021074 · Cited by 17
Potent neutralization by monoclonal human IgM against SARS‐CoV‐2 is impaired by class switch
Callegari, I., Schneider, M., Berloffa, G., Mühlethaler, T., Holdermann, S., Galli, E., Roloff, T. C., Boss, R., Infanti, L., Khanna, N., et al. (2022) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.15252/embr.202153956 · Cited by 17
The (apparent) antibody paradox in COVID-19
Ameratunga, R., Woon, S., Lea, E., Steele, R. H., Lehnert, K., Leung, E. Y., & Brooks, A. E. S. (2022) · Expert Review of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1080/1744666x.2022.2044797 · Cited by 16
Debes, A. K., Xiao, S., Egbert, E. R., Caturegli, P., Gadala, A., Colantuoni, E., Sitaras, I., Pekosz, A. S., & Milstone, A. M. (2022) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.02046-22 · Cited by 17
Codd, A. S., Hanna, S. J., Compeer, E. B., Richter, F. C., Pring, E. J., Gea-Mallorquí, E., Borsa, M., Moon, O. R., Scourfield, D. O., Ahern, D., et al. (2021) · Oxford Open Immunology · doi:10.1093/oxfimm/iqab016 · Cited by 16
Metadata
- Authors
- Rodda, L. B., Netland, J., Shehata, L., Pruner, K. B., Morawski, P. A., Thouvenel, C. D., Takehara, K. K., Eggenberger, J., Hemann, E. A., Waterman, H. R., Fahning, M. L., Chen, Y., Hale, M., Rathe, J., Stokes, C., Wrenn, S., Fiala, B., Carter, L., Hamerman, J. A., King, N. P., Gale, M., Campbell, D. J., Rawlings, D. J., & Pepper, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Benaroya Research Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pepper, Marion
- ORCID
- Rodda, Lauren B.
- Netland, Jason
- Shehata, Laila
- Pruner, Kurt B.
- Morawski, Peter A.
- Thouvenel, Christopher D.
- Takehara, Kennidy K.
- Eggenberger, Julie
- Hemann, Emily A.
- Waterman, Hayley R.
- Fahning, Mitchell L.
- Chen, Yu
- Hale, Malika
- Stokes, Caleb
- Wrenn, Samuel
- Fiala, Brooke
- Carter, Lauren
- Hamerman, Jessica A.
- King, Neil P.
- Gale, Michael
- Campbell, Daniel J.
- Rawlings, David J.
- Pepper, Marion
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 184
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 169-183.e17
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7682481
- OpenAlex
- W3107730772
- Cited by
- 647
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 171 · 2021: 278
- FWCI
- 18.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Burroughs Wellcome Fund
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, mild COVID-19, immunological memory, memory B cells, memory T cells, neutralizing antibodies, IgG, long-term immunity, cytokine production, monoclonal antibodies, antiviral immunity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
