The DOI matches its Crossref record; 76 of the 80 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Functional SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Memory Persists after Mild COVID-19
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus is causing a global pandemic, and cases continue to rise. Most infected individuals experience mildly symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but it is unknown whether this can induce persistent immune memory that could contribute to immunity. We performed a longitudinal assessment of individuals recovered from mild COVID-19 to determine whether they develop and sustain multifaceted SARS-CoV-2-specific immunological memory. Recovered individuals developed SARS-CoV-2-specific immunoglobulin (IgG) antibodies, neutralizing plasma, and memory B and memory T cells that persisted for at least 3 months. Our data further reveal that SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG memory B cells increased over time. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2-specific memory lymphocytes exhibited characteristics associated with potent antiviral function: memory T cells secreted cytokines and expanded upon antigen re-encounter, whereas memory B cells expressed receptors capable of neutralizing virus when expressed as monoclonal antibodies. Therefore, mild COVID-19 elicits memory lymphocytes that persist and display functional hallmarks of antiviral immunity.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Among cytokine profiles of spike-responsive memory T cells, production was dominated by the expression of IL-2 and IFN-γ that were highly expressed by CCR6− subsets.32, 33”
From Safety and immunogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 ARCoV mRNA vaccine in Chinese adults: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial (2022) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“However, neutralizing antibody responses decay rapidly in early convalescence9,14–17.”
From Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“We and others have shown that SARS-CoV-2-specific memory B cells accumulate over the first few months after initial infection2,3,8,9,28 (Fig. 1a)”
From Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“The observations that frequencies of circulating memory B cells continue to increase for several months after recovery from COVID-19 (refs2,3,8,9,28), when most other responses are declining (Fig. 1a), suggest that recall of B cell memory may provide a mechanism to extend the duration of antibody-dependent protection in the face of waning serological titres.”
From Prospects for durable immune control of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention of reinfection (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“SARS-CoV-2 infection rapidly elicits nAbs (16, 21–24) that decline, but remain detectable, over several months (25–29).”
From mRNA vaccination boosts cross-variant neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection (2021) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“SARS-CoV-2 infection can induce the production of neutralizing antibodies, and these antibodies are believed to contribute to protection from reinfection (Rodda et al., 2020; Wajnberg et al., 2020).”
From SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and P.1 escape from neutralizing antibodies (2021) · cites this paper as Rodda et al., 2020
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Hoffmann, M., Kleine-Weber, H., Schroeder, S., Krüger, N., Herrler, T., Erichsen, S., Schiergens, T. S., Herrler, G., Wu, N.-H., Nitsche, A., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052 · Cited by 20,286
Wu, Z., & McGoogan, J. M. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2648 · Cited by 17,016
Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019
Wölfel, R., Corman, V. M., Guggemos, W., Seilmaier, M., Zange, S., Müller, M. A., Niemeyer, D., Jones, T. C., Vollmar, P., Rothe, C., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2196-x · Cited by 6,661
Two subsets of memory T lymphocytes with distinct homing potentials and effector functions
Sallusto, F., Lenig, D., Förster, R., Lipp, M., & Lanzavecchia, A. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/44385 · Cited by 5,846 · cited 1×
“Antigen-specific memory CD4 T cells proliferate to re-seed the memory pool and generate effector cells upon antigen reexposure (Sallusto et al., 1999).”
Grifoni, A., Weiskopf, D., Ramirez, S. I., Mateus, J., Dan, J. M., Moderbacher, C. R., Rawlings, S. A., Sutherland, A., Premkumar, L., Jadi, R. S., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.015 · Cited by 3,595
Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19
Long, Q.-X., Liu, B.-Z., Deng, H.-J., Wu, G.-C., Deng, K., Chen, Y.-K., Liao, P., Qiu, J.-F., Lin, Y., Cai, X.-F., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0897-1 · Cited by 2,876
Self-citationSARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity in cases of COVID-19 and SARS, and uninfected controls
Le Bert, N., Tan, A. T., Kunasegaran, K., Tham, C. Y. L., Hafezi, M., Chia, A., Chng, M. H. Y., Lin, M., Tan, N., Linster, M., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2550-z · Cited by 1,887
Convergent Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Convalescent Individuals
Robbiani, D. F., Gaebler, C., Muecksch, F., Lorenzi, J. C. C., Wang, Z., Cho, A., Agudelo, M., Barnes, C. O., Gazumyan, A., Finkin, S., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2456-9 · Cited by 1,853
Robust T Cell Immunity in Convalescent Individuals with Asymptomatic or Mild COVID-19
Sekine, T., Perez-Potti, A., Rivera-Ballesteros, O., Strålin, K., Gorin, J.-B., Olsson, A., Llewellyn-Lacey, S., Kamal, H., Bogdanovic, G., Muschiol, S., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.017 · Cited by 1,788
Immunological memory and protective immunity: understanding their relation
Ahmed, R., & Gray, D. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.272.5258.54 · Cited by 1,775 · cited 2×
“(legend continued on next page) ll Cell 184, 169–183, January 7, 2021 171 Article ll Article years, depending upon the specific viral infection (Slifka and Ahmed, 1996).”
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Nellore, 2019, Fcrl5 and T-bet define influenza-specific memory B cells that predict long-lived antibody responses, bioRxiv
- Wajnberg, 2020, SARS-CoV-2 infection induces robust, neutralizing antibody responses that are stable for at least three months, medRxiv
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 644
Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 VOC Neutralization and Novel mAb Reveal Protection against Omicron
Hao, L., Hsiang, T.-Y., Dalmat, R. R., Ireton, R. C., Morton, J. F., Stokes, C., Netland, J., Hale, M. R., Thouvenel, C., Wald, A., et al. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15020530 · Cited by 8
Self-citationRagonnet, R. R., Briffoteaux, G., Williams, B. M., Savulescu, J., Segal, M., Abayawardana, M., Eggo, R. M., Tuyttens, D., Melab, N., Marais, B. J., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.08.25.20182162 · Cited by 8
Postinfectious Immunity After COVID-19 and Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2
Kršák, M., Harry, B. L., Palmer, B. E., & Franco‐Paredes, C. (2021) · Viral Immunology · doi:10.1089/vim.2021.0054 · Cited by 8
Gupta, M., Balachandran, H., Louie, R. H. Y., Li, H., Agapiou, D., Keoshkerian, E., Christ, D., Rawlinson, W. D., Mina, M., Post, J. J., et al. (2022) · Immunology and Cell Biology · doi:10.1111/imcb.12607 · Cited by 7
A comparative study of the COVID-19 vaccine efficacy among cancer patients: mRNA versus non-mRNA
Rachman, A., Iriani, A., Sukrisman, L., Rajabto, W., Mulansari, N. A., Lubis, A. M., Cahyanur, R., Prasetyawaty, F., Priantono, D., Rumondor, B. B., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281907 · Cited by 8
CD62L expression marks SARS-CoV-2 memory B cell subset with preference for neutralizing epitopes
Onodera, T., Sax, N., Sato, T., Adachi, Y., Kotaki, R., Inoue, T., Shinnakasu, R., Nakagawa, T., Fukushi, S., Terooatea, T. W., et al. (2023) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adf0661 · Cited by 7
T cell hybrid immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in children: a longitudinal study
Qui, M., Hariharaputran, S., Hang, S. K., Zhang, J., Tan, C. W., Chong, C. Y., Low, J. G. H., Wang, L., Bertoletti, A., Yung, C. F., et al. (2024) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105203 · Cited by 9
The conundrum of current anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines
Federico, M. (2021) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.03.001 · Cited by 7
Nature of Acquired Immune Responses, Epitope Specificity and Resultant Protection from SARS-CoV-2
Gorczynski, R. M., Lindley, R. A., Steele, E. J., & Wickramasinghe, N. C. (2021) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm11121253 · Cited by 7
Long-Term Comparison of 7 SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Assays in the North Zealand Covid-19 Cohort
Wiwe, E. F., Carlsson, E. R., Rasmussen, C. L., Rasmussen, P., Ougaard, R., Hansen, S. I., Schiøler, T., Kristiansen, S. M., Hansen, Y. B. L., & Hillig, T. (2021) · The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1093/jalm/jfab173 · Cited by 7
Simultaneous analysis of antigen‐specific B and T cells after SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and vaccination
Newell, K. L., Waldran, M. J., Thomas, S. J., Endy, T. P., & Waickman, A. T. (2022) · Cytometry Part A · doi:10.1002/cyto.a.24563 · Cited by 8
Wolszczak-Biedrzycka, B., Bieńkowska, A., Smolińska-Fijołek, E., Biedrzycki, G., & Dorf, J. (2022) · Infection and Drug Resistance · doi:10.2147/idr.s390351 · Cited by 8
Aleksova, M., Todorova, Y., Emilova, R., Baymakova, M. P., Yancheva, N., Andonova, R., Zasheva, A., Grifoni, A., Weiskopf, D., Sette, A., et al. (2023) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics13071280 · Cited by 7
Pitiriga, V. C., Papamentzelopoulou, M., Konstantinakou, K. E., Vasileiou, I. V., Sakellariou, K. S., Spyrou, N. I., & Tsakris, A. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11121764 · Cited by 7
Persisting Antibody Response to SARS-CoV-2 in a Local Austrian Population
Ladage, D., Rösgen, D., Schreiner, C., Ladage, D., Adler, C., Harzer, O., & Braun, R. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.653630 · Cited by 7
García‐Torre, A., Bueno‐García, E., López‐Martínez, R., Rioseras, B., Moro‐García, M. A., Alonso, S., Lluna-González, A., Sousa-Fernández, A., Fernández-Gudin, M., Campos-Riopedre, L., et al. (2021) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glab206 · Cited by 7
Moore, T., Hossain, R., Doores, K. J., Shankar‐Hari, M., & Fear, D. J. (2022) · Viral Immunology · doi:10.1089/vim.2022.0013 · Cited by 7
Langevin, H. M., Berger, A. M., & Edwards, E. (2023) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3257 · Cited by 7
Investigation of activation-induced markers (AIM) in porcine T cells by flow cytometry
Moorton, M., Tng, P., Inoüe, R., Netherton, C. L., Gerner, W., & Schmidt, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2024.1390486 · Cited by 7
Kakugawa, T., Mimura, Y., Mimura‐Kimura, Y., Doi, K., Ohteru, Y., Kakugawa, H., Oishi, K., Kakugawa, M., Hirano, T., & Matsunaga, K. (2024) · Immunity & Ageing · doi:10.1186/s12979-024-00444-1 · Cited by 6
Wu, F., Guo, Z., Yang, J., Ou, Y., Xie, X., Liao, H., Guo, C., Zhan, Y., Wu, H., Hu, R. M., et al. (2025) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202412430 · Cited by 8
Untersmayr, E., Förster‐Waldl, E., Bonelli, M. M., Boztuǧ, K., Brunner, P. M., Eiwegger, T., Eller, K., Göschl, L., Grabmeier‐Pfistershammer, K., Hötzenecker, W., et al. (2021) · Allergo Journal International · doi:10.1007/s40629-021-00178-2 · Cited by 7
LQ45 Stock Index Abnormal Return Reaction to the Covid-19 Pandemic: the Even Study Methodology
Solihin, I., Sugiarto, S., Ugut, G. S. S., & Hulu, E. (2022) · Indonesian Interdisciplinary Journal of Sharia Economics (IIJSE) · doi:10.31538/iijse.v5i1.2051 · Cited by 6
Wolszczak-Biedrzycka, B., Bieńkowska, A., Zaborowska, J. E., Smolińska-Fijołek, E., Biedrzycki, G., & Dorf, J. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10050741 · Cited by 6
Longitudinal Dynamics of Cellular Responses in Recovered COVID-19 Patients
Cheng, M., Liu, H., Chao Hui, Z. H. O. U., Li, R.-T., Zheng, J., Qin, Y., Yang, N., Zhang, Y., Huang, J., Zhu, Z., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.911859 · Cited by 6
Self-citationHumoral and cellular response in convalescent COVID-19 lupus patients
Solé, C., Domingo, S., Vidal, X., & Cortés-Hernández, J. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-17334-5 · Cited by 6
Zens, K. D., Llanas-Cornejo, D., Menges, D., Fehr, J. S., Münz, C., Puhan, M. A., & Frei, A. L. (2023) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2023.04.407 · Cited by 6
Vaccine-elicited B- and T-cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is impaired in chronic lung disease patients
Liu, H., Aviszus, K., Zelarney, P. T., Liao, S., Gerber, A. N., Make, B. J., Wechsler, M. E., Marrack, P., & Reinhardt, R. L. (2023) · ERJ Open Research · doi:10.1183/23120541.00400-2023 · Cited by 7
SARS-CoV-2 and approaches for a testing and diagnostic strategy
Hristov, D. R., Gómez-Márquez, J., Wade, D., & Hamad‐Schifferli, K. (2021) · Journal of Materials Chemistry B · doi:10.1039/d1tb00674f · Cited by 6
Kumar, N. P., Moideen, K., Nancy, A., Selvaraj, N., Renji, R. M., Munisankar, S., Thangaraj, J. W. V., Kumar, M. S., Kumar, C. P. G., Bhatnagar, T., et al. (2022) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v14030511 · Cited by 8
Longitudinal Analysis of Coronavirus-Neutralizing Activity in COVID-19 Patients
Hastert, F. D., Henß, L., von Rhein, C., Gerbeth, J., Wieters, I., Borgans, F., Khodamoradi, Y., Zacharowski, K. D., Rohde, G. G. U., Vehreschild, M. J. G. T., et al. (2022) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v14050882 · Cited by 6
Immune Response to COVID-19 in India through Vaccination and Natural Infection
Sarraf, T. R., Maity, S., Ghosh, A. K., Bhattacharjee, S., Pani, A., Saha, K., Chattopadhyay, D., Ghosh, G., & Sen, M. (2022) · Fortune Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.26502/fjhs.070 · Cited by 6
Liang, D., Zhang, G., Huang, M., Wang, L., Hong, W., Li, A., Liang, Y., Wang, T., Lu, J., Ou, M., et al. (2022) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens11121531 · Cited by 6
Passive Immunity Should and Will Work for COVID-19 for Some Patients
Cimolai, N. (2021) · Clinical Hematology International · doi:10.2991/chi.k.210328.001 · Cited by 7
Pinski, A. N., Steffen, T. L., Zulu, M. Z., George, S. L., Dickson, A., Tifrea, D., Maroney, K. J., Tedeschi, N., Zhang, Y., Scheuermann, R. H., et al. (2021) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1002/jlb.4cova0121-084rr · Cited by 6
Zhu, J., Chen, T., Mao, X., Fang, Y., Sun, H., Wei, D., & Ji, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.974343 · Cited by 6
Validation of the effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in older adults in “real-world” settings
Weng, N., & Pawelec, G. (2021) · Immunity & Ageing · doi:10.1186/s12979-021-00248-7 · Cited by 6
Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in cancer patients: The CAPTURE studyPreprint
Fendler, A., Au, L., Boos, L. A., Byrne, F., Shepherd, S. T. C., Shum, B., Gerard, C. L., Ward, B., Xie, W., Cerrone, M., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.12.21.20248608 · Cited by 6
Humoral and Memory B Cell Responses Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection and mRNA Vaccination
Bozhkova, M., Raycheva, R., Petrov, S., Dudova, D., Kalfova, T., Murdjeva, M., Taskov, H. B., & Shivarov, V. S. (2025) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines13080799 · Cited by 7
Pape, K. A., Dileepan, T., Matchett, W. E., Ellwood, C., Stresemann, S., Kabage, A. J., Kozysa, D., Evert, C., Matson, M., Lopez, S., et al. (2022) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.159618 · Cited by 5
Hale, M. R., Takehara, K. K., Thouvenel, C. D., Moustafa, D. A., Repele, A., Fontana, M. F., Netland, J., McNamara, S., Gibson, R. L., Goldberg, J. B., et al. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.98851.3 · Cited by 5
Self-citationAdvances in immune response to pulmonary infection: Nonspecificity, specificity and memory
Xu, J., & Xie, L. (2023) · Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine · doi:10.1002/cdt3.71 · Cited by 6
Berger, L., Wolf, J., Kalbitz, S., Kellner, N., Lübbert, C., & Borte, S. (2024) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics14121286 · Cited by 5
Dhawan, M. K., Thakur, N., Sharma, M. K., & Rabaan, A. A. (2025) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2025.117936 · Cited by 5
The protective immunity induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination: a critical appraisal
Tosta, E. (2021) · Exploration of Immunology · doi:10.37349/ei.2021.00014 · Cited by 5
Cortellini, A., Salazar, R., Bower, M., Sita-Lumsden, A. R., Plaja, A., Lee, A. J. X., Bertuzzi, A. F., Tondini, C. A., Diamantis, N., Martínez-Vila, C., et al. (2022) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41416-022-01952-x · Cited by 5
HLA-I and HLA-II Peptidomes of SARS-CoV-2: A Review
El‐Baky, N. A., Amara, A. A. A. F., & Redwan, E. M. M. M. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11030548 · Cited by 7
Risk factors for post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: Survey results from a tertiary care hospital
Munipalli, B., Ma, Y., Li, Z., Ganesh, R., Knight, D. R. T., Logvinov, I. I., Paul, S. N., Delaney, T. R., & Dabrh, A. M. A. (2023) · Journal of Investigative Medicine · doi:10.1177/10815589231190560 · Cited by 5
Villas-Boas, L. S., de Paula, A. V., da Silva, A. R., Paião, H. G. O., Tozetto‐Mendoza, T. R., Manuli, E. R., Leal, F. E., Ferraz, A. D. B. C., Sabino, É. C., Bierrenbach, A. L., et al. (2022) · Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.clinsp.2022.100068 · Cited by 5
Lixenfeld, A. S., Künsting, I., Martin, E., von Kopylow, V., Lehrian, S., Lunding, H. B., Buhre, J. S., Quack, J., Steinhaus, M., Graf, T., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.03.10.21252001 · Cited by 5
Goliwas, K. F., Wood, A. M., Simmons, C. S., Khan, R., Khan, S. A., Wang, Y., Berry, J. L., Athar, M., Mobley, J. A., Kim, Y., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.09.02.21263042 · Cited by 6
Ford, E. S., Mayer-Blackwell, K., Jing, L., Sholukh, A. M., Germain, R. S., Bossard, E. L., Xie, H. J., Pulliam, T. H., Jani, S., Selke, S., et al. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2146712/v1 · Cited by 6
Oh, T., Woo, Y., Kim, G., Koo, B., Baek, S. H., Hwang, E.-H., An, Y. J., Kim, Y.-J., Kim, D., & Hong, J. J. (2024) · Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.1016/j.labinv.2024.102180 · Cited by 4
Humanized mice enable in vivo evaluation of engineered plasma cell biology and therapeutic function
Hill, T. F., Helmers, A. E., Cheng, R. Y.-H., Singh, S., Homad, L. J., Narvekar, P., Asher, G. D., Camp, N. D., Suchland, E. R., Ott, A. R., et al. (2026) · Molecular Therapy Advances · doi:10.1016/j.omta.2026.201666 · Cited by 4
Self-citationMehew, J., Johnson, R., Roberts, D. J., Griffiths, A., & Harvala, H. (2022) · Transfusion Medicine · doi:10.1111/tme.12868 · Cited by 4
Pavlidis, G., Giannoulis, V., Pirounaki, M., Lampropoulos, I. C., Siafi, E. P., Nitsa, A., Pavlou, E. G., Xanthaki, A., Perlepe, G., Fortis, S. P., et al. (2023) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm13060910 · Cited by 4
Silvestri, Y., Clemente, F., Moschetti, G., Maioli, S., Carelli, E., de Arias, A. E., Torelli, R., Longhi, E., Feo, T. D., Crosti, M., et al. (2023) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2023.109684 · Cited by 4
Immunological memory in infected & exposure näive individuals one year post SARS-CoV-2 vaccination
Das, P., Varun, C. N., Ashwini, M. A., Kesavan, M., Ravi, V., & Desai, A. S. (2025) · The Indian Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.25259/ijmr_923_2024 · Cited by 4
Identification of virus-specific B-cell epitopes by convalescent plasma from COVID-19 patients
Wang, L., Zhao, J., Schank, M., Khanal, S., Dang, X., Cao, D., Nguyen, L. N., Zhang, Y., Wu, X. Y., Adkins, J. L., et al. (2022) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2022.10.016 · Cited by 4
Taylor, J. V., Callery, E. L., & Rowbottom, A. W. (2023) · Journal of Immunological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jim.2023.113556 · Cited by 4
Ahmed, N., Athavale, A., Tripathi, A. H., Subramaniam, A., Upadhyay, S. K., Pandey, A. K., Rai, R. C., & Awasthi, A. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1111/sji.13345 · Cited by 4
Unravelling humoral immunity in SARS-CoV-2: Insights from infection and vaccination
Najimi, N., Kadi, C., Elmtili, N., Seghrouchni, F., & Bakri, Y. (2024) · Human Antibodies · doi:10.3233/hab-230017 · Cited by 4
Langzeitpflegeeinrichtungen in der COVID-19-Pandemie
Gosch, M., Altrichter, D., Pflügner, M., Frohnhofen, H., Steinmann, J., Schmude-Basic, I., Adamek, A., Johnscher, I., Kandler, U., Wunner, C., et al. (2021) · Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie · doi:10.1007/s00391-021-01922-7 · Cited by 4
A surrogate cell‐based SARS‐CoV‐2 spike blocking assay
Schuh, W., Baus, L., Steinmetz, T. D., Schulz, S. R., Weckwerth, L., Roth, E. A., Hauke, M., Krause, S. K., Morhart, P., Rauh, M., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.202149302 · Cited by 5
Gong, X., Cui, P., Wu, H., Pān, H., Teng, Z., Yuan, F., Mao, S., Kong, D., Han, R., Zhao, X., et al. (2022) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-022-07173-0 · Cited by 4
Polymerized porin as a novel delivery platform for coronavirus vaccine
Yang, Z., Hua, L., Yang, M., Li, W., Ren, Z., Zheng, X. W., Chen, H., Long, Q., Bai, H., Huang, W., et al. (2022) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-022-01469-8 · Cited by 4
Odendahl, M., Endler, I., Haubold, B., Rodionov, R. N., Bornstein, S. R., & Tonn, T. (2022) · Immunology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2022.09.007 · Cited by 4
Critical role of diagnostic SARS-CoV-2 T cell assays for immunodeficient patients
Ameratunga, R., Woon, S., Steele, R. H., Lehnert, K., Leung, E. Y., & Brooks, A. E. S. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1136/jcp-2022-208305 · Cited by 4
Yang, K., Liu, J., Gong, Y., Li, Y., & Liu, Q. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1052850 · Cited by 4
Evaluating Johnson and Johnson COVID-19 Vaccination Outcomes in a Low-Income Hispanic Population
Lamb, C. C., Owens, C., Gamboa, W., & Lopez-Yunez, A. M. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11010148 · Cited by 4
Impact of booster COVID-19 vaccine for Moroccan adults: A discrete age-structured model approachPreprint
Hammoumi, A., Hmarrass, H., & Qesmi, R. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.03.14.21253555 · Cited by 4
Detection of pre-existing immunity to bacterial Cas9 proteins in people with cystic fibrosis
Serpa, G., Gong, Q., De, M., Rana, P. S. J. B., Montgomery, C. P., Wozniak, D. J., Long, M. E., & Hemann, E. A. (2025) · ImmunoHorizons · doi:10.1093/immhor/vlaf041 · Cited by 3
Self-citationMitić, I., Glamočlija, S., Ilić, N., Sabljić, L., Tomić, S., Gruden‐Movsesijan, A., & Sofronić‐Milosavljević, L. (2025) · Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · doi:10.1590/0074-02760250044 · Cited by 3
Swarms of large language model agents for protein sequence design with experimental validation
Wang, F. Y., Lee, D. S., Kaplan, D. L., & Buehler, M. J. (2026) · Digital Discovery · doi:10.1039/d6dd00282j · Cited by 13
Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in healthy adults
Wu, Y., Huang, P., Xu, M., Zhao, Q., Xu, Y., Han, S., Li, H., & Wang, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1152899 · Cited by 3
Longitudinal anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody immune response in acute and convalescent patients
Pérez-Juárez, H., Serrano-Vázquez, A., Godínez–Álvarez, H., González, E., Rojas-Velázquez, L., Moran, P. A., Portillo-Bobadilla, T., Ramiro, M. H., Hernández, E., Lau, C. B., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2023.1239700 · Cited by 3
Enhanced immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in returning Chinese individuals
Yuan, R., Chen, H., Yi, L., Li, X., Hu, X., Li, X., Zhang, H., Zhou, P., Liang, C., Lin, H., et al. (2024) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2023.2300208 · Cited by 4
Self-citationChisty, Z., Li, D. D., Haile, M., Houston, H., DaSilva, J. C., Overton, R., Schuh, A. J., Haynie, J., Clemente, J., Branch, A., et al. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0301367 · Cited by 3
Lasting memories of SARS-CoV-2 infection
Poon, M. M. L., & Färber, D. L. (2021) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20210210 · Cited by 3
Fayyad, D., Kelts, J. L., Nielson, T. H., Epelle, I. L., Monear, N. C., Strawn, M. T. G., Woerner, B. N., & Xhabija, B. (2022) · BioChem · doi:10.3390/biochem2020009 · Cited by 4
Prolonged Protective Immunity Induced by Mild SARS-CoV-2 Infection of K18-hACE2 Mice
Bar‐On, L., Aftalion, M., Makdasi, E., Gur, D., Alcalay, R., Cohen, H., Beth-Din, A., Rosenfeld, R., Achdout, H., Bar‐Haim, E., et al. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10040613 · Cited by 3
SARS-CoV-2-Specific Adaptive Immunity in COVID-19 Survivors With Asthma
Chen, L., Yue, J., Zhang, S., Bai, W., Qin, L., Zhang, C., Wu, B., Li, M., Xu, S., Jiang, Q. Y., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.947724 · Cited by 3
Terada-Hirashima, J., Takamatsu, Y., Shimizu, Y., Uemura, Y., Takeuchi, J. S., Tomita, N., Matsuda, K., Maeda, K., Yamamoto, S., Fukunaga, A., et al. (2023) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2023.2193074 · Cited by 3
Hormazábal, J., Núñez, L., Rubilar, P. A., Apablaza, M., Vial, C., Cortés, L. J., González, N., Vial, P., Said, M., González, C., et al. (2023) · Vaccine X · doi:10.1016/j.jvacx.2023.100372 · Cited by 3
Kuijper, L. H., Kreher, C., Elias, G., Claireaux, M. A. F., Kerster, G., Bos, A. V., Duurland, M. C., Konijn, V. A. L., Paul, A., de Jong, N., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1505719 · Cited by 6
Güzel, I., Öztürk, G., Appak, Ö., Çağlayan, D., Süner, A. F., Irmak, Ç., Türe, N., IŞIK, E., Çelik, M., Ergör, G., et al. (2025) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-025-10621-2 · Cited by 3
Pirofski, L. (2021) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciab374 · Cited by 3
SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence and Profiles Among Convalescents in Sichuan Province, China
Zhou, L. J., Cheng, L., Yang, H., Yuan, H., Pan, M., Cheng, X., Xiao, C., Su, X., Zhu, Y., Xu, J., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.716483 · Cited by 3
Kotsiou, O. S., Papagiannis, D., Fradelos, Ε. C., Siachpazidou, D. S., Perlepe, G., Miziou, A., Kyritsis, A. P., Vavougios, G. D., Kalantzis, G., & Gourgoulianis, K. I. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19010407 · Cited by 3
Unraveling T Cell Responses for Long Term Protection of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Wu, D., Zhang, R., & Datta, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2022.871164 · Cited by 3
Differences in Characteristics of T-Cell Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in Clinically Healthy Subjects
Николаевна, С. Н., Попов, О. С., Полковникова, И. А., Al’pako, S. V., & Shcherbak, S. G. (2022) · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10517-022-05508-0 · Cited by 3
Liang, B., Xiang, T., Wang, H., Li, Z., Quan, X., Feng, X., Li, S., Lu, S., Fan, L., Xu, L., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.966098 · Cited by 4
COVID-19-ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN IMMUNITY AND LUNG LESIONS
Rekalova, О. M. (2023) · Ukrainian Pulmonology Journal · doi:10.31215/2306-4927-2023-31-2-13-23 · Cited by 3
Korodi, M., Horváth, I., Rákosi, K., Jenei, Z. A., Hudák, G., Kákes, M., Dallos-Fejér, K., Simai, E., Páll, O., Staver, N., et al. (2022) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.07.040 · Cited by 5
Yan, X., Hao, L., Wang, Z., Wang, X., Zhang, X., Li, T., Jia, Z., Chang, L., Zhang, B., & Shui, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.962214 · Cited by 3
Persisting adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in Lower AustriaPreprint
Ladage, D., Harzer, O., Engel, P. A., Winkler, H., & Braun, R. J. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.02.18.21251551 · Cited by 3
Heterogeneous immunological recovery trajectories revealed in post-acute COVID-19Preprint
Su, Y., Yuan, D., Chen, D. G., Wang, K., Choi, J., Dai, C. L., Hong, S., Zhang, R., Xie, J., Li, S., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.03.19.21254004 · Cited by 3
Estimation of Total Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in TexasPreprint
DeSantis, S. M., León‐Novelo, L., Swartz, M. D., Yaseen, A. S., Valerio, M. A., Brito, F. A., Ross, J. A., Kohl, H. W., Messiah, S. E., Kelder, S. H., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.08.05.21261610 · Cited by 3
Rovito, R., Bono, V., Coianiz, N., Cazzetta, V., Franzese, S., Mikulak, J., Vito, C. D., Bai, F., Beaudoin-Bussières, G., Tauzin, A., et al. (2025) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-025-00832-8 · Cited by 2
Lung-resident SARS-CoV-2 peptide-specific immune responses in perfused 3D human lung explant models
Goliwas, K. F., Wood, A. M., Simmons, C. S., Khan, R., Khan, S. A., Wang, Y., Ramachandran, R., Berry, J. L., Athar, M., Mobley, J. A., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2025.1587080 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Rodda, L. B., Netland, J., Shehata, L., Pruner, K. B., Morawski, P. A., Thouvenel, C. D., Takehara, K. K., Eggenberger, J., Hemann, E. A., Waterman, H. R., Fahning, M. L., Chen, Y., Hale, M., Rathe, J., Stokes, C., Wrenn, S., Fiala, B., Carter, L., Hamerman, J. A., King, N. P., Gale, M., Campbell, D. J., Rawlings, D. J., & Pepper, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Benaroya Research Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pepper, Marion
- ORCID
- Rodda, Lauren B.
- Netland, Jason
- Shehata, Laila
- Pruner, Kurt B.
- Morawski, Peter A.
- Thouvenel, Christopher D.
- Takehara, Kennidy K.
- Eggenberger, Julie
- Hemann, Emily A.
- Waterman, Hayley R.
- Fahning, Mitchell L.
- Chen, Yu
- Hale, Malika
- Stokes, Caleb
- Wrenn, Samuel
- Fiala, Brooke
- Carter, Lauren
- Hamerman, Jessica A.
- King, Neil P.
- Gale, Michael
- Campbell, Daniel J.
- Rawlings, David J.
- Pepper, Marion
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 184
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 169-183.e17
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7682481
- OpenAlex
- W3107730772
- Cited by
- 647
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 171 · 2021: 278
- FWCI
- 18.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Burroughs Wellcome Fund
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, mild COVID-19, immunological memory, memory B cells, memory T cells, neutralizing antibodies, IgG, long-term immunity, cytokine production, monoclonal antibodies, antiviral immunity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
