Low-dose Ad26.COV2.S protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge in rhesus macaques
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Abstract
We previously reported that a single immunization with an adenovirus serotype 26 (Ad26)-vector-based vaccine expressing an optimized SARS-CoV-2 spike (Ad26.COV2.S) protected rhesus macaques against SARS-CoV-2 challenge. To evaluate reduced doses of Ad26.COV2.S, 30 rhesus macaques were immunized once with 1 × 10 11, 5 × 10 10, 1.125 × 10 10, or 2 × 10 9 viral particles (vp) Ad26.COV2.S or sham and were challenged with SARS-CoV-2. Vaccine doses as low as 2 × 10 9 vp provided robust protection in bronchoalveolar lavage, whereas doses of 1.125 × 10 10 vp were required for protection in nasal swabs. Activated memory B cells and binding or neutralizing antibody titers following vaccination correlated with protective efficacy. At suboptimal vaccine doses, viral breakthrough was observed but did not show enhancement of disease. These data demonstrate that a single immunization with relatively low dose of Ad26.COV2.S effectively protected against SARS-CoV-2 challenge in rhesus macaques, although a higher vaccine dose may be required for protection in the upper respiratory tract.
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Sham-treated animals had higher cumulative lung pathology scores than CVnCoV animals (P = 0.0368) and CV2CoV animals (P = 0.0022).
“Viral replication was largely resolved by day 10 in the animals vaccinated with CVnCoV and CV2CoV, and those with sham treatment had higher cumulative lung pathology scores19 (CVnCoV animals compared with sham controls, P = 0.0368; CV2CoV animals compared with sham controls, P = 0.0022) (Extended Data Fig. 7a).”
From Optimization of non-coding regions for a non-modified mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
Neutralizing antibody titres elicited by CV2CoV to viral variants exceeded the values previously reported as threshold titres for protection (50-100).
“Although our challenge virus in this study was SARS-CoV-2 WA1/2020, the neutralizing antibody titres elicited by CV2CoV to viral variants exceeded the values we previously reported as threshold titres for protection (50–100)17,19,22.”
From Optimization of non-coding regions for a non-modified mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
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Snedden, C. E., Morris, D. H., Friedrich, T. C., & Lloyd-Smith, J. O. (2026) · bioRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.03.03.709384 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Exposure route, not dose, is the primary driver of infection patterns for a respiratory virus
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Self-citation
- Authors
- He, X., Chandrashekar, A., Zahn, R., Wegmann, F., Yu, J., Mercado, N. B., McMahan, K., Martinot, A. J., Piedra-Mora, C., Beecy, S., Ducat, S., Chamanza, R., Huber, S. R., van Heerden, M., van der Fits, L., Borducchi, E. N., Lifton, M., Liu, J., Nampanya, F., Patel, S., Peter, L., Tostanoski, L. H., Pessaint, L., Van Ry, A., Finneyfrock, B., Velasco, J., Teow, E., Brown, R., Cook, A., Andersen, H., Lewis, M. G., Schuitemaker, H., & Barouch, D. H.
- Affiliations
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Janssen (Netherlands) (NL)
- Tufts University (US)
- Bioqual (US)
- Corresponding author
- Barouch, Dan H.
- ORCID
- He, Xuan
- Chandrashekar, Abishek
- Zahn, Roland
- Wegmann, Frank
- Yu, Jingyou
- Mercado, Noe B.
- McMahan, Katherine
- Martinot, Amanda J.
- Ducat, Sarah
- Chamanza, Ronnie
- Lifton, Michelle
- Liu, Jinyan
- Nampanya, Felix
- Patel, Shivani
- Peter, Lauren
- Tostanoski, Lisa H.
- Pessaint, Laurent
- Finneyfrock, Brad
- Brown, Renita
- Cook, Anthony
- Lewis, Mark G.
- Schuitemaker, Hanneke
- Barouch, Dan H.
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-06
- Volume
- 184
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 3467-3473.e11
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7852276
- OpenAlex
- W3172273960
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 14
- FWCI
- 4.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 388 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
- ImmPort
- Funders
- BARDA
- National Cancer Institute
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Keywords
- Ad26.COV2-S, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 vaccines, low-dose vaccination, rhesus monkeys, vaccine dose optimization, spike protein, viral breakthrough, neutralizing antibodies, memory B cells, single-dose vaccination
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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