Complement activation induces excessive T cell cytotoxicity in severe COVID-19
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Abstract
Severe COVID-19 is linked to both dysfunctional immune response and unrestrained immunopathology, and it remains unclear whether T cells contribute to disease pathology. Here, we combined single-cell transcriptomics and single-cell proteomics with mechanistic studies to assess pathogenic T cell functions and inducing signals. We identified highly activated CD16 + T cells with increased cytotoxic functions in severe COVID-19. CD16 expression enabled immune-complex-mediated, T cell receptor-independent degranulation and cytotoxicity not found in other diseases. CD16 + T cells from COVID-19 patients promoted microvascular endothelial cell injury and release of neutrophil and monocyte chemoattractants. CD16 + T cell clones persisted beyond acute disease maintaining their cytotoxic phenotype. Increased generation of C3a in severe COVID-19 induced activated CD16 + cytotoxic T cells. Proportions of activated CD16 + T cells and plasma levels of complement proteins upstream of C3a were associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, supporting a pathological role of exacerbated cytotoxicity and complement activation in COVID-19.
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Complement activation aggravates tissue injury in COVID-19 by inducing excessive T cell cytotoxicity through immune complex-induced and T cell receptor-independent degranulation, potentially linking VIS and the SASP to uncontrolled T cell-mediated tissue damage.
“Of note, complement activation has recently been shown to aggravate tissue injury in patients with COVID-19 by inducing excessive T cell cytotoxicity via immune complex-induced and T cell receptor-independent degranulation, thereby potentially linking VIS and the SASP to uncontrolled T cell-mediated tissue damage92.”
From COVID-19 and cellular senescence (2023) · cites this paper as [92]
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- Authors
- Georg, P., Astaburuaga-García, R., Bonaguro, L., Brumhard, S., Michalick, L., Lippert, L. J., Kostevc, T., Gäbel, C., Schneider, M., Streitz, M., Demichev, V., Gemünd, I., Barone, M., Tober-Lau, P., Helbig, E. T., Hillus, D., Petrov, L., Stein, J., Dey, H.-P., Paclik, D., Iwert, C., Mülleder, M., Aulakh, S. K., Djudjaj, S., Bülow, R. D., Mei, H. E., Schulz, A. R., Thiel, A., Hippenstiel, S., Saliba, A.-E., Eils, R., Lehmann, I., Mall, M. A., Stricker, S., Röhmel, J., Corman, V. M., Beule, D., Wyler, E., Landthaler, M., Obermayer, B., von Stillfried, S., Boor, P., Demir, M., Wesselmann, H., Suttorp, N., Uhrig, A., Müller-Redetzky, H., Nattermann, J., Kuebler, W. M., Meisel, C., Ralser, M., Schultze, J. L., Aschenbrenner, A. C., Thibeault, C., Kurth, F., Sander, L. E., Blüthgen, N., & Sawitzki, B.
- Affiliations
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
- University of Bonn (DE)
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- The Francis Crick Institute (GB)
- Universitätsklinikum Aachen (DE)
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DE)
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (DE)
- German Center for Lung Research (DE)
- Stiftung Charité (DE)
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
- Max Delbrück Center (DE)
- University Hospital Bonn (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Sawitzki, Birgit
- ORCID
- Georg, Philipp
- Astaburuaga-García, Rosario
- Bonaguro, Lorenzo
- Brumhard, Sophia
- Michalick, Laura
- Lippert, Lena J.
- Kostevc, Tomislav
- Streitz, Mathias
- Demichev, Vadim
- Gemünd, Ioanna
- Barone, Matthias
- Tober-Lau, Pinkus
- Helbig, Elisa T.
- Hillus, David
- Petrov, Lev
- Stein, Julia
- Paclik, Daniela
- Iwert, Christina
- Mülleder, Michael
- Aulakh, Simran Kaur
- Djudjaj, Sonja
- Bülow, Roman D.
- Mei, Henrik E.
- Schulz, Axel R.
- Thiel, Andreas
- Hippenstiel, Stefan
- Saliba, Antoine-Emmanuel
- Eils, Roland
- Lehmann, Irina
- Mall, Marcus A.
- Corman, Victor M.
- Beule, Dieter
- Wyler, Emanuel
- Landthaler, Markus
- Obermayer, Benedikt
- von Stillfried, Saskia
- Boor, Peter
- Demir, Münevver
- Suttorp, Norbert
- Uhrig, Alexander
- Müller-Redetzky, Holger
- Nattermann, Jacob
- Kuebler, Wolfgang M.
- Meisel, Christian
- Ralser, Markus
- Schultze, Joachim L.
- Aschenbrenner, Anna C.
- Thibeault, Charlotte
- Kurth, Florian
- Sander, Leif E.
- Blüthgen, Nils
- Sawitzki, Birgit
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-02
- Volume
- 185
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 493-512.e25
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8712270
- OpenAlex
- W4226055319
- Cited by
- 218
- References
- 110
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 14.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HZI (Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- OpenAgrar (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)
- Funders
- Bundesministerium für Gesundheit (ZMVI1-2520COR201)
- Medical Research Council
- Hector Stiftung
- Francis Crick Institute
- Berlin University Alliance
- European Research Council
- Berlin Institute of Health
- Wellcome Trust (IA 200829/Z/16/Z)
- UK Research and Innovation
- RWTH Aachen University (125/17, 148/21)
- European Commission (733100, 860003, 260687, 305147)
- MDC
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (TTU 04.816, 04.817)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SPP1937, INST 217/577-1, GRK 2168 \u2013 272482170, EXC2151-390873048, INST 269/768-1, INST 37/1049-1, SA1383/3-1, SFB TR57, INST 217/988-1, INST 216/981-1, ERA CVD 00160389, GRK2157, ME 3644/5-1, INST 257/605-1, SFB 1454 \u2013 432325352, BO3755/13-1 Project-ID 454024652, SFB-TRR219 322900939, RTG2424, SFB-TR84 114933180)
- Cancer Research UK (FC001134)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (STOP-FSGS-01GM1901A, FKZ 01KX2021, 02NUK047E, 031L0220A, 01KI20337, 01KI2021, 01KX2021)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Complement system in diseases
- Keywords
- severe COVID-19, complement activation, T cell cytotoxicity, C3a, T cell clones, fatal outcome, immunopathology
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Chemotactic Factors, Complement Activation, Cytotoxicity, Immunologic, Female, Humans, Lymphocyte Activation, Male, Middle Aged, Monocytes, Neutrophils, T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic, Receptors, IgG, Proteome, Endothelial Cells, Microvessels, Young Adult, Single-Cell Analysis, Transcriptome
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