Immunopathology of Hyperinflammation in COVID-19
Open accessAbstract
The rapid spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in an unprecedented public health crisis worldwide. Recent studies indicate that a hyperinflammatory syndrome induced by SARS-CoV-2 contributes to disease severity and mortality in COVID-19. In this review, an overview of the pathophysiology underlying the hyperinflammatory syndrome in severe COVID-19 is provided. The current evidence suggests that the hyperinflammatory syndrome results from a dysregulated host innate immune response. The gross and microscopic pathologic findings as well as the alterations in the cytokine milieu, macrophages/monocytes, natural killer cells, T cells, and neutrophils in severe COVID-19 are summarized. The data highlighted include the potential therapeutic approaches undergoing investigation to modulate the immune response and abrogate lung injury in severe COVID-19.
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Findings from this study and others indicate that inflammatory responses serve as a primary driver of the progressive and persistent pathophysiologic features of severe COVID-19.
“Findings from this study and others indicate that inflammatory responses serve as a primary driver of the progressive and persistent pathophysiologic features of severe COVID-19 (43–46).”
From Lung epithelial and endothelial damage, loss of tissue repair, inhibition of fibrinolysis, and cellular senescence in fatal COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as [44]
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D’Agnillo, F., Walters, K.-A., Xiao, Y., Sheng, Z.-M., Scherler, K., Park, J., Gygli, S., Rosas, L. A., Sadtler, K., Kalish, H., et al. (2021) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abj7790 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Complement activation induces excessive T cell cytotoxicity in severe COVID-19
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- Authors
- Gustine, J. N., & Jones, D.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jones, Dennis
- Venue
- The American Journal of Pathology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 191
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 4-17
- ISSN
- 0002-9440 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7484812
- OpenAlex
- W3086786425
- Cited by
- 516
- References
- 111
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 71 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 164 · 2021: 113 · 2020: 6
- FWCI
- 4.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal Of Pathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Inflammation biomarkers and pathways
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, hyperinflammation, cytokine storm, innate immune dysregulation, macrophages, monocytes, natural killer cells, T cells, neutrophils, lung injury, immunomodulatory therapy, disease severity
- MeSH terms
- Cytokine Release Syndrome, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adrenal Cortex Hormones, Humans, Immune System, Immunity, Innate, Inflammation, Killer Cells, Natural, Macrophage Activation, Macrophages, Monocytes, Neutrophils, Phagocytosis, T-Lymphocytes, Virus Replication, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Extracellular Traps
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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