The DOI matches its Crossref record; 75 of the 78 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Depression, loneliness and Internet addiction: How important is low self-control?
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Some studies have shown, for example, that users with low self-control (Li, Dang, Zhang, Zhang, & Guo, 2014; Özdemir, Kuzucu, & Ak, 2014) and neuroticism (Kuss, Griffiths, & Binder, 2013) are particularly vulnerable to internet addiction.”
From Ethics of the Attention Economy: The Problem of Social Media Addiction (2021) · cites this paper as Özdemir, Kuzucu, & Ak, 2014
Citations
Cites
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788
Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411 · Cited by 41,941
Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124192021002005 · Cited by 27,200
Testing Structural Equation Models.
Mueller, C. W., Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S. (1994) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2074955 · Cited by 14,211
Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations.
Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.4.422 · Cited by 11,335
Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990) · doi:10.1515/9781503621794 · Cited by 10,127
A Reliability Coefficient for Maximum Likelihood Factor Analysis
Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02291170 · Cited by 7,330
(1975) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,245
High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success
Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x · Cited by 6,557
Internet Addiction: The Emergence of a New Clinical Disorder
YOUNG, K. S. (1998) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.1998.1.237 · Cited by 5,513
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 78 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Bandura, 1991, Self-regulation of motivation through anticipatory and self-regulatory mechanisms, Vol. 38, 69
- Bayraktar, F. (2001). The role of Internet use in adolescences’ development. Unpublished Master Thesis, Ege University Graduate School of Social Sciences, İzmir.
- Demir, 1989, U.C.L.A. Yalnızlık ölçeğinin geçerlikve güvenirliği, Psikoloji Dergisi, 7, 14
- Şahin, 1994, Kısa semptom envanteri: Türk gençleri için uyarlanması, TürkPsikolojiDergisi, 9, 44
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The effect of loneliness on depression: A meta-analysis
Erzen, E., & Çikrikci, Ö. (2018) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764018776349 · Cited by 838
Loneliness and Social Internet Use: Pathways to Reconnection in a Digital World?
Nowland, R., Necka, E. A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2018) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691617713052 · Cited by 783
What type of content are smartphone users addicted to?: SNS vs. games
Jeong, S.-H., Kim, H., Yum, J.-Y., & Hwang, Y. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.035 · Cited by 500
Bekalu, M. A., McCloud, R. F., & Viswanath, K. (2019) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198119863768 · Cited by 303
Ethics of the Attention Economy: The Problem of Social Media Addiction
Bhargava, V. R., & Velasquez, M. (2021) · Business Ethics Quarterly · doi:10.1017/beq.2020.32 · Cited by 292
Academic stress and Internet addiction from general strain theory framework
Jun, S., & Choi, E. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.001 · Cited by 270
Mei, S., Yau, Y. H. C., Chai, J., Guo, J., & Potenza, M. N. (2016) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.05.009 · Cited by 248
Niu, G., Yao, L., Wu, L., Tian, Y., Xu, L., & Sun, X. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105247 · Cited by 198
Perceived stress and mobile phone addiction in Chinese adolescents: A moderated mediation model
Liu, Q.-Q., Zhang, D.-J., Yang, X.-J., Zhang, C.-Y., Fan, C.-Y., & Zhou, Z.-K. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.06.006 · Cited by 201
Smartphone usage among older adults
Busch, P. A., Hausvik, G. I., Ropstad, O. K., & Pettersen, D. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106783 · Cited by 218
Shi, X., Wang, J., & Zou, H. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.07.028 · Cited by 185
Han, L., Geng, J., Jou, M., Gao, F., & Yang, H. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.07.036 · Cited by 171
Su, C., Zhou, H., Gong, L., Teng, B., Geng, F., & Hu, Y. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118136 · Cited by 210
Błachnio, A., & Przepiórka, A. (2018) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/0894439318754490 · Cited by 177
The Relationship Between Self-Control and Internet Addiction Among Students: A Meta-Analysis
Li, S., Ren, P., Chiu, M. M., Wang, C., & Lei, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.735755 · Cited by 180
Loneliness and Problematic Internet Use during COVID-19 Lock-Down
AlHeneidi, H. H., AlSumait, L., Alsumait, D. S. F., & Smith, A. P. (2021) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs11010005 · Cited by 146
Kara, M., Baytemir, K., & Inceman-Kara, F. (2019) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2019.1673485 · Cited by 141
Jasso-Medrano, J. L., & López-Rosales, F. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.05.003 · Cited by 119
Zhang, S., Tian, Y., Sui, Y., Zhang, D., Shi, J., Wang, P., Meng, W., & Si, Y. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01707 · Cited by 130
Perceived parental monitoring and adolescent internet addiction: A moderated mediation model
Ding, Q., Li, D., Zhou, Y., Dong, H., & Luo, J. (2017) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.05.033 · Cited by 123
Jeong, E. J., Ferguson, C. J., & Lee, S. J. (2019) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-019-01065-4 · Cited by 110
Du, X., Liao, J., Ye, Q., & Wu, H. Y. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/44514 · Cited by 107
Yang, X., Zhu, L., Chen, Q., Song, P., & Wang, Z. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.01.041 · Cited by 106
Chen, H., Wang, J., Lin, Y., & Yang, S. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17238820 · Cited by 125
Yıldız Durak, H. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9840-8 · Cited by 102
Li, D., Zhou, Y., Li, X., & Zhou, Z. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.015 · Cited by 108
Jeong, Y. J., Suh, B., & Gweon, G. (2019) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2019.1604805 · Cited by 104
Park, I., Lee, J., Lee, D., Lee, C., & Chung, W. Y. (2021) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102874 · Cited by 104
Li, X., Feng, X.-C., Xiao, W., & Zhou, H. (2021) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s315879 · Cited by 95
Liao, S., Zhou, Y., Liu, Y., & Wang, R. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.04.022 · Cited by 87
Dysfunction of Self-Control in Facebook Addiction: Impulsivity Is the Key
Cudo, A., Torój, M., Demczuk, M., & Francuz, P. (2020) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-019-09683-8 · Cited by 84
Xiang, M.-Q., Lin, L., Wang, Z.-R., Jin, L., Zebo, X. U., & Hu, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03032 · Cited by 98
Mindfulness facets and problematic Internet use: A six-month longitudinal study
Calvete, E., Gámez-Guadix, M., & Cortazar, N. (2017) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.03.018 · Cited by 81
Zhu, J., Chen, Y., Su, B., & Zhang, W. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.004 · Cited by 82
Deutrom, J., Katos, V., & Ali, R. (2021) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2021.1973107 · Cited by 84
Psychometric validation of the Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale 2 in a Portuguese sample
Pontes, H. M., Caplan, S. E., & Griffiths, M. D. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.06.015 · Cited by 81
Fayazi, M., & Hasani, J. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.068 · Cited by 75
Yang, H., Lin, Z., Chen, X., & Peng, J. (2022) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-01-2021-0007 · Cited by 86
Geurts, S. M., Koning, I. M., Vossen, H. G. M., & van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M. (2022) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2022.152318 · Cited by 76
Social Media and Students’ Wellbeing: An Empirical Analysis during the Covid-19 Pandemic
Tkáčová, H., Pavlíková, M., Jenisová, Z., Maturkanič, P., & Králik, R. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su131810442 · Cited by 77
Ma, S., Huang, Y., & Ma, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00813 · Cited by 76
Sánchez-Fernández, M., Mas, M. D. L. M. B., & Mora-Merchán, J. A. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107532 · Cited by 81
Arslan, G., & Coşkun, M. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-021-00506-1 · Cited by 72
Zhang, B., Gao, Q., Fokkema, M., Alterman, V., & Liu, Q. (2015) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.05.003 · Cited by 71
Sigerson, L., Li, A. Y.-L., Cheung, M. W. ‐., & Cheng, C. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.05.041 · Cited by 74
Martínez–Ferrer, B., Romero-Abrio, A., Ruiz, D. M., & Ochoa, G. M. (2018) · Psychosocial Intervention · doi:10.5093/pi2018a24 · Cited by 65
Gentina, É., Shrum, L. J., & Lowrey, T. M. (2016) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-016-3329-x · Cited by 71
Ndasauka, Y., Hou, J., Wang, Y., Yang, L., Yang, Z., Ye, Z., Hao, Y., Fallgatter, A. J., Kong, Y., & Zhang, X. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.10.020 · Cited by 69
Low Self-Control: A Hidden Cause of Loneliness?
Stavrova, O., Ren, D., & Pronk, T. (2021) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672211007228 · Cited by 72
Unpacking the mechanisms underlying the relation between ostracism and Internet addiction
Poon, K. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.10.056 · Cited by 64
Tkáčová, H., Králik, R., Tvrdoň, M., Jenisová, Z., & Martín, J. G. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19052767 · Cited by 65
Oliva, A., Antolín-Suárez, L., & Rodríguez-Meirinhos, A. (2019) · Psychosocial Intervention · doi:10.5093/pi2019a1 · Cited by 58
Wang, W., Mehmood, A., Li, P., Yang, Z., Niu, J., Chu, H., Qiao, Z., Qiu, X., Zhou, J., Yang, Y., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.660234 · Cited by 63
Yu, Y., Mo, P. K. H., Zhang, J., Li, J., & Lau, J. T. F. (2022) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107239 · Cited by 55
Karaköse, T., Yıldırım, B., Tülübaş, T., & Kardas, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1126815 · Cited by 62
Yue, H., Yue, X., Zhang, X., Liu, B., & Bao, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.945631 · Cited by 55
Koç, H., Gökalp, Z. Ş., & Seki, T. (2023) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968231151776 · Cited by 65
Lee, E. W. J., Ho, S. S., & Lwin, M. O. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.10.030 · Cited by 50
Li, L., Niu, Z., Griffiths, M. D., Wang, W., Chang, C. M., & Mei, S. (2021) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101740 · Cited by 51
The relationship between real-life social support and Internet addiction among the elderly in China
Jia, Y., Liu, T., & Yang, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.981307 · Cited by 55
The influence of parents and peers on adolescents’ problematic social media use revealed
Leijse, M. M. L., Koning, I. M., & van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.107705 · Cited by 69
Liu, R., Hong, W., Ding, Y., Oei, T. P. S., Zhen, R., Jiang, S., & Liu, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01589 · Cited by 50
Technology Addictions and Technostress
Brooks, S. L., Wang, X., & Schneider, C. (2019) · Journal of Organizational and End User Computing · doi:10.4018/joeuc.2020040101 · Cited by 47
Relationship between loneliness and internet addiction: a meta-analysis
Wang, Y., & Zeng, Y. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18366-4 · Cited by 58
Kim, M., Jun, M., & Han, J. (2022) · Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics · doi:10.1108/apjml-01-2021-0066 · Cited by 45
Cyberbullying in the World of Teenagers and Social Media
Alim, S. (2016) · International Journal of Cyber Behavior Psychology and Learning · doi:10.4018/ijcbpl.2016040105 · Cited by 44
Compensatory Usage of the Internet: The Case of Mukbang Watching on YouTube
Kırcaburun, K., Balta, S., Emirtekin, E., Tosuntaş, Ş. B., Demetrovics, Z., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2019.0340 · Cited by 49
Mun, I. B., & Lee, S. (2020) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2020.0096 · Cited by 43
Wang, J., Xiao, T., Liu, Y., Guo, Z., & Yi, Z. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02785-y · Cited by 48
Lu, X., & Yeo, K. J. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.021 · Cited by 42
Shyness, self-esteem, and loneliness as causes of FA: The moderating effect of low self-control
Iranmanesh, M., Foroughi, B., Nikbin, D., & Hyun, S. S. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00465-w · Cited by 47
Dong, W., Li, S., & Wang, X. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-04066-y · Cited by 43
Chen, Z., Poon, K., & Cheng, C. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.04.057 · Cited by 39
Lu, W.-H., Lee, K., Ko, C., Hsiao, R. C.-J., Hu, H., & Yen, C. (2017) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.6.2017.053 · Cited by 41
Xiang, G.-X., Gan, X., Jin, X., Zhang, Y., & Zhu, C.-S. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.808264 · Cited by 43
Wang, J., Lai, R., Yang, A., Yang, M., & Guo, Y. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.078 · Cited by 37
Yang, S. (2020) · Child Health Nursing Research · doi:10.4094/chnr.2020.26.3.357 · Cited by 37
Duong, C. D., Vu, T. N., Ngo, T. V. N., Do, N. D., & Tran, N. M. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2356361 · Cited by 44
Erol, O., & Sevim-Cirak, N. (2019) · Contemporary Educational Technology · doi:10.30935/cet.554488 · Cited by 36
Khoury, J. M., das Neves, M. D. C. L., Roque, M. A. V., de Freitas, A. A. C., da Costa, M. R., & Garcia, F. D. (2019) · Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1590/2237-6089-2018-0069 · Cited by 43
Wang, Y. (2021) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941211016751 · Cited by 36
Valencia-Ortiz, R., Cabero-Almenara, J., Garay Ruiz, U., & Fernández Robles, B. (2021) · Revista Tecnología, Ciencia y Educación · doi:10.51302/tce.2021.573 · Cited by 35
Fang, Y., Chau, A. K. C., Fung, H. H.-L., & Woo, J. (2019) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000495461 · Cited by 34
Hou, J., Jiang, Y., Chen, S., Hou, Y., Wu, J., Fan, N., & Fang, X. (2019) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2019.100209 · Cited by 35
Díaz, I. A., Kopecký, K., Rodríguez, J. M. R., Reche, M. P. C., & Torres, J. M. T. (2020) · Investigación Bibliotecológica Archivonomía Bibliotecología e Información · doi:10.22201/iibi.24488321xe.2020.82.58118 · Cited by 46
Qiu, C., Liu, Q., Yu, C., Li, Z., & Nie, Y. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107199 · Cited by 36
Li, D., Li, W., & Zhu, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1231920 · Cited by 70
Guo, Y., You, X., Gu, Y., Wu, G., & Xu, C. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9829-3 · Cited by 35
Şimşir, Z., & Dilmaç, B. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01515-y · Cited by 37
Chen, T., Hsiao, R. C.-J., Liu, T., & Yen, C. (2019) · The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.1002/kjm2.12082 · Cited by 32
Fan, Z., Chen, M., & Lin, Y. (2022) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s352060 · Cited by 40
Gugushvili, N., Täht, K., Schruff-Lim, E.-M., Ruiter, R. A. C., & Verduyn, P. (2022) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941221142003 · Cited by 42
Self‐control, peer preference, and loneliness in Chinese children: A three‐year longitudinal study
Liu, J., Xiao, B., Hipson, W. E., Coplan, R. J., Li, D., & Chen, X. (2016) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12224 · Cited by 34
Effects of physical exercise on adolescent short video addiction: A moderated mediation model
He, J., Xian, Z., & Ai, Z. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29466 · Cited by 37
Chen, C., Yang, C., & Nie, Q. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18063091 · Cited by 37
Gu, J., Wang, H., Xu, Y., Zhan, P., & Wang, J. (2023) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2023.101533 · Cited by 33
Salience network dynamics underlying successful resistance of temptation
Steimke, R., Nomi, J. S., Calhoun, V. D., Stelzel, C., Paschke, L. M., Gaschler, R., Goschke, T., Walter, H., & Uddin, L. Q. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx123 · Cited by 30
Network structure of mobile phone addiction and anxiety symptoms among rural Chinese adolescents
Wang, J., Luo, Y., Yan, N., Wang, Y., Shiferaw, B. D., Tang, J., Pei, Y., Chen, Q., Zhu, Y., & Wang, W. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04971-x · Cited by 29
Agbaria, Q., & Bdier, D. (2019) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-019-00172-4 · Cited by 31
Öztekin, C., & Oztekın, A. (2020) · BioPsychoSocial Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13030-020-00190-y · Cited by 29
Metadata
- Authors
- Özdemir, Y., Kuzucu, Y., & Ak, Ş.
- Affiliations
- Adnan Menderes University (TR)
- Corresponding author
- Özdemir, Yalçın
- Venue
- Computers in Human Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-05
- Volume
- 34
- Pages
- 284-290
- ISSN
- 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2057587205
- Cited by
- 312
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 45.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Technology in Education
- Keywords
- depression, loneliness, internet addiction, low self-control, problematic internet use, cognitive-behavioral model, university students, youth, mediation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review