The impact of age on website usability

May combine two claims.

There is no statistical difference between the older and younger groups on mean scores on any demographic variables except life satisfaction, where older participants are more satisfied than younger ones (significance 0.001 using One-Way ANOVA).

“There is no statistical difference between the older and younger groups on the mean scores on any of these demographic variables except life satisfaction, where older participants are more satisfied than younger ones (significance 0.001 using One-Way AN OVA test).”

May combine two claims.

The variance explained in Satisfaction shows very little increase in R2 with the inclusion of any control variables, although some control variables created statistically significant paths.

“While the variance explained in the endogenous construct Satisfaction shows very little increase in R 2 with the inclusion of any of the control variables, some did create statistically significant paths.”

May combine two claims.

The GoF for the current study is 0.531, indicating a large effect size and that the research model performed well.

“Using this measure, the GoF for the current study is 0.531, or the effect size is large, indicating that the research model performed well.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

Participants in the menu condition experienced higher levels of perceived disorientation than participants in the tree condition (p<0.001).

“Participants in the menu condition experienced higher levels of perceived disorientation (p<O.OOl).”

May combine two claims.

Nine out of twelve paths in the model are significant (at p<0.05 or better), indicating that the model is reliable overall.

“Nine out of twelve paths in the model are significant (at p<O.OS or better) indicating that the model is reliable overall (see Table 27 for further details).”

• cites Table 27Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The variance explanation of the endogenous variable Satisfaction is substantial at R2 = 0.765, supporting the validity of the model.

“The variance explanation of the endogenous variable Satisfaction is substantial at R 2 = 0.765 (Chin, 1998), supporting the validity of the model.”

• cites Chin, 1998Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Relatively little research has examined how Behavior and Environment may influence the Person, or how Environment and Behavior interact with one another.

“Relatively little research has examined how Behavior and Environment may influence the Person, or how Environment and Behavior interact with one another.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Older participants have more years of experience using the Internet, yet younger participants use the Internet more hours per week.

“older participants have more years of experience using the Internet, yet younger participants use the Internet more hours per week.”

May combine two claims.

MMA was expected to impact disorientation, but this was not found (H3 not supported).

“MMA was expected to impact disorientation, but this was not found to be the case (H3 not supported).”

May combine two claims.

The average disorientation reported was 1.93 on a five point scale (1.699 for older and 2.143 for younger).

“The average disorientation reported was 1.93 on a five point scale (1.699 for older and 2.143 for younger).”

May combine two claims.

Younger adults' perceptions of disorientation were higher, but this was not reflected in their utilitarian outcomes (mental models or performance).

“Although younger adults' perceptions of disorientation were higher, this was not reflected in their utilitarian outcomes (mental models or performance).”

May combine two claims.

Age had a significant influence on both the hedonic and utilitarian constructs in the model.

“Age had a significant influence on both the hedonic and utilitarian constructs in the model.”

May combine two claims.

Despite the insignificant influence of utilitarian constructs, 76.5% of variance in satisfaction was explained.

“Despite the insignificant influence of utilitarian constructs, 76.5% of variance in satisfaction was explained.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

While engagement received relatively little research attention for a period of time, there has been a resurgence of activity on the topic as researchers attempt to reduce the ambiguity surrounding the construct.

“While engagement received relatively little research attention for a period of time, there has been a resurgence of activity on the topic as researchers attempt to reduce the ambiguity surrounding the construct (O'Brien, 2010; O'Brien & Toms, 2008, 2010; Scott & Walczak, 2009).”

• cites O'Brien, 2010Not checked yet

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• cites O'Brien & Toms, 2008, 2010Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Scott & Walczak, 2009Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

While the empirical results may be inconclusive, qualitative descriptions about the impact of computer use on the lives of older adults are generally positive.

“While the empirical results may be inconclusive, qualitative descriptions about the impact of computer use on the lives of older adults are generally positive.”

May combine two claims.

Older participants are statistically more familiar with healthy living topics (significance 0.006 using One-Way ANOVA test), but there is no significant difference in frequency of web site visits.

“older participants are statistically more familiar with healthy living topics (significance 0.006 using One-Way ANOVA test), but there is no significant difference in frequency of web site visits.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Each of the paths that is significant in the PLS model has significant effect size (at least p<0.05).

“Each of the paths that is significant in the PLS model has significant effect size (at least p<O.OS).”

May combine two claims.

A common method bias assessment using PLS showed no qualitative differences in statistical results (no paths gained or lost significance and no paths changed signs), making it feasible to model all constructs as reflective.

“There were no qualitative differences in the statistical results: no paths gained or lost significance and no paths changed signs.Thus, as described in Liang et al. (2007), it was feasible to use the method with all constructs modeled as reflective.”

• cites Liang et al. (2007) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Older participants had less accurate mental models but reported lower perceived disorientation than younger participants.

“since older participants did have less accurate mental models, but reported lower perceived disorientation than younger participants.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The analysis identified three multivariate outliers.

“This analysis identified three multivariate outliers:”

May combine two claims.

The resulting MMA scores performed well on the utilitarian side of the PLS model, being positively influenced by spatial ability (H4 supported) and having a positive influence on performance (H2 supported).

“the resulting scores performed well on the utilitarian side of the PLS model, being positively influenced by spatial ability (H4 supported) and having a positive influence on performance (H2 supported).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The study addresses some gaps by exploring hedonic (disorientation and engagement) and utilitarian (MMA) constructs that have not previously been studied in the context of web usability for older adults.

“The study conducted in this •dissertation addresses some of these gaps by exploring hedonic (disorientation and engagement) and utilitarian (MMA) constructs that have not previously been studied in the context of web usability for older adults.”

May combine two claims.

Harman's one-factor test showed that the variables in the research model do not load on a single factor, implying that the risk of common method bias is minimal.

“Therefore, there is evidence that the variables in the research model do not load on a single factor, which implies that the risk of common method bias is minimal.”

• cites Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Lee, & Podsakoff, 2003 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Usability has been shown to increase users' intentions to use computers and subsequent usage behavior.

“It has been associated with important outcomes such as error reduction and positive attitudes (Venkatesh & Agarwal, 2006), and has been shown to increase users' intentions to use computers as well as subsequent usage behavior (Legris, Ingham, & Collerette, 2003;McCloskey, 2006;Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003).”

• cites Legris, Ingham, & Collerette, 2003 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites McCloskey, 2006 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Older adults are a very heterogeneous group because they have more varied life experiences than younger adults and are affected by age-related deterioration and illnesses at different rates.

“Older adults (of any chronological age) are a very heterogeneous group since they have more varied life experiences than younger adults and are affected by age-related deterioration and illnesses at different rates (Dickinson, Arnott, & Prior, 2007;Lippincott, 2004).”

• cites Dickinson, Arnott, & Prior, 2007 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Lippincott, 2004Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Physical changes associated with aging include declines in vision, hearing, and psychomotor coordination.

“For example, physical changes associated with aging include declines in vision, hearing, and psychomotor coordination (Hawthorn, 2000).”

• cites Hawthorn, 2000 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Usability is a key concept of Human-Computer Interaction research, but its application in the Information Systems literature has been limited to date.

“Although usability is a key concept of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) research (Hornbaek, 2006), its application in the Information Systems (IS) literature has been limited to date (Venkatesh & Ramesh, 2006).”

• cites Hornbaek, 2006 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Venkatesh & Ramesh, 2006Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Usability has been associated with important outcomes such as error reduction and positive attitudes.

“It has been associated with important outcomes such as error reduction and positive attitudes (Venkatesh & Agarwal, 2006), and has been shown to increase users' intentions to use computers as well as subsequent usage behavior (Legris, Ingham, & Collerette, 2003;McCloskey, 2006;Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003).”

• cites Venkatesh & Agarwal, 2006Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Venkatesh & Ramesh found that the usability theoretical lens outperformed the Technology Acceptance Model in terms of richness and variance explained in a web site study.

“For example, in a recent web site study Venkatesh & Ramesh (2006} found that the usability theoretical lens outperformed the popular Technology Acceptance Model in terms of richness and variance explained in a web site study.”

• cites Venkatesh & Ramesh, 2006Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Cognitive changes such as reduced attention span, declines in memory, and changes in spatial abilities create a need for interfaces that have fewer distractions, provide memory cues, and are simple to learn and understand.

“Similarly, cognitive changes such as reduced attention span, declines in memory, and changes in spatial abilities create a need for interfaces that have fewer distractions, provide memory cues, and are simple to learn and understand (Hawthorn, 2000).”

• cites Hawthorn, 2000 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Improved web usability for older adults will facilitate their use of the Internet, thereby enhancing their personal and professional lives.

“Thus, improved web usability for older adults will facilitate their use of the Internet, thereby enhancing their personal and professional lives.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted). May combine two claims.

Many researchers assert that age is much more than a chronological measure and that the use of chronological age in research is a limitation.

“Further, many researchers assert that age is much more than a chronological measure and that the use of chronological age in research is a limitation (Morris & Venkatesh, 2000).”

• cites Morris & Venkatesh, 2000 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Use of the Internet can help older adults enhance their independence by reducing barriers caused by lack of mobility, expanding educational and communication opportunities, augmenting memory through reminders, and providing an electronic link to health care.

“Use of the Internet can help older adults to enhance their independence by reducing the barriers caused by lack of mobility, expanding educational and communication opportunities, augmenting memory though reminders, and providing an electronic link to health care (Czaja, 1997).”

• cites Czaja, 1997Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Older adults now make up the fastest growing consumer segment of computer buyers and Internet users.

“Older adults now make up the fastest growing consumer segment of computer buyers and Internet users (Chevalier & Rossetti, 2010;Stevens, 2010).”

• cites Chevalier & Rossetti, 2010Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Stevens, 2010Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Morris et al. (2005) found that gender differences in computer use became more pronounced among older workers, with older male workers more likely to be computer users than older female workers, and that this pattern did not exist among younger workers.

“They found that gender differences became more pronounced among older workers, where older male workers were more likely to be computer users than older female workers.”

• Also stated in: § Independent Variable Impact* Dependent Variable References · plain

  “This pattern did not, however, exist among younger workers.”

• cites Morris et al. (2005)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

While some web usability guidelines for older adults are very specific, recommendations for other aspects such as navigation systems, site topologies, and accommodation of changes in spatial abilities are much vaguer.

“While some of these guidelines are very specific (i.e.font size, typeface, colors, etc.L the recommendations for other aspects, such as navigation systems, site topologies, and accommodation of changes in spatial abilities, are much vaguer.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Friedberg (2003) found that rates of computer use in the workplace were similar for all but the oldest workers, who exhibited lower levels of use.

“Friedberg (2003) found that rates of computer use in the workplace were similar for all but the oldest workers, who exhibited lower levels of use.”

• cites Friedberg (2003)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

As age increases, correct answers, browsing efficiency, overall efficiency, quality, and work output tend to decrease, while number of errors, amount of support sought, and time to complete exercises increase.

“In particular, as age increases, correct answers, browsing efficiency, overall efficiency, quality, and work output tend to decrease.”

• Also stated in: § Person ~Environment · plain

  “Similarly, number of errors, amount of support sought, and time to complete exercises all increase with age.”

• cites Table 6Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Different contexts of use require new measures of usability to adequately capture what is considered important in the particular context.

“It has been argued that different contexts of use require new measures of usability to adequately capture what is considered important in the particular context (Hornbaek, 2006}.”

• cites Hornbaek, 2006 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Czaja et al. (2006) found that both attitudinal and cognitive variables were necessary to predict computer use, since cognitive ability was necessary but not sufficient to predict.

“Czaja et al. (2006) found that both attitudinal and cognitive variables were necessary to predict computer use since cognitive ability was necessary but not sufficient to predict.”

• cites Czaja et al. (2006)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The majority of research concerning computer use by older adults examines utilitarian outcomes such as performance, while hedonic aspects are largely unexplored.

“Further, the majority of the research concerning computer use by older adults examines utilitarian outcomes such as performance (Wagner et al., 2010), while hedonic aspects are largely unexplored.”

• cites Wagner et al., 2010 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

This lack of empirical testing creates many opportunities for future research in the area of web usability for older users.

“This lack of empirical testing creates many opportunities for future research in the area of web usability for older users.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

To date, a considerable amount of effort has been dedicated to exploring web usability issues for older adults and a number of guidelines have been developed.

“To date, a considerable amount of effort has been dedicated to exploring web usability issues for older adults and a number of guidelines have been developed (Morrell et al., 2003;Zaphiris, Kurniqwan, & Ghiawadawala, 2007).”

• cites Morrell et al., 2003Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Zaphiris, Kurniqwan, & Ghiawadawala, 2007Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Friedberg (2003) found that upcoming retirement, not simply age, may influence an older worker's computer use patterns.

“This study found that upcoming retirement, not simply age, may influence an older worker's computer use patterns.”

• cites Friedberg (2003)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Historically, usability evaluation has primarily concerned itself with performance-based measures of usability.

“Historically, usability evaluation has primarily concerned itself with performance-based measures of usability (Hornbaek, 2006;Otter & Johnson, 2000).”

• cites Hornbaek, 2006 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Otter & Johnson, 2000Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

There remain a number of gaps in the literature on older adults and computers.

“Despite the growing level of interest and research in issues relating to older adults and computers (Goodman & Lundell, 2005), there remain a number of gaps in the literature (Wagner, Hassanein, & Head, 2007;Wagner et al., 2010).”

• cites Wagner, Hassanein, & Head, 2007Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Wagner et al., 2010 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Czaja et al. (2006) concluded that there was a strong age effect on computer use, independent of attitudes and cognitive ability.

“The same study concluded further that there was a strong age effect, independent of the effect of attitudes and cognitive ability”

• cites Czaja et al. (2006)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

More recently, researchers have emphasized the importance of bringing more focus to hedonic considerations.

“More recently, however, researchers have emphasized the importance of bringing more focus to the hedonic considerations (O'Brien & Toms, 2008).”

• cites O'Brien & Toms, 2008Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Spatial ability has long been suspected of impacting the performance of computer tasks, and several studies have found this to be the case.

“In particular, spatial ability has long been suspected of impacting the performance of computer tasks (Czaja, 1997) and several studies have found this to be the case (Benyon & Murray, 1993;Egan & Gomez, 1985;Vicente & Williges, 1988).”

• cites Czaja, 1997Not checked yet

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• cites Benyon & Murray, 1993Not checked yet

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• cites Egan & Gomez, 1985Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Perceived ease of use has been found to be similar yet distinct from disorientation.

“Agarwal & Venkatesh (2002} did, however, include perceived ease of use in their conceptualization, which has been found to be similar yet distinct from disorientation (Ahuja & Webster, 2001).”

• cites Ahuja & Webster, 2001Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Spatial ability is known to decline with age and is resistant to training.

“Spatial ability is known to decline with age and is resistant to training (Salthouse, 1982), making it an especially important consideration in web usability for older users.”

• cites Salthouse, 1982Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The findings for attitudes toward computers have been much more consistent, almost unanimously indicating that use of computers improves attitudes toward computers among older adults.

“The findings for this attribute have been much more consistent, almost unanimously indicating that use of computers improves attitudes toward computers among older adults.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Malta (2007) found that older adults develop meaningful and longlasting relationships online through use of computers and the Internet for meeting romantic partners.

“finding that older adults develop meaningful and longlasting relationships online (Malta, 2007).”

• cites Malta, 2007Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The level of social presence of the online interface has been shown to positively impact antecedents to attitudes towards shopping web sites using student samples.

“the level of social presence of the online interface (an Environment construct) has been shown to positively impact antecedents to attitudes towards shopping web sites using student samples (e.g.Hassanein & Head, 2007).”

• cites Hassanein & Head, 2007Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Predictions of computer performance should not be based solely on chronological age.

“suggesting that predictions should not be based solely on chronological age.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Access to computers is not sufficient for older adults; they need support and need to be motivated to undertake their first experience.

“As suggested by Aula (2005), access to computers is not sufficient for older adults; they need support and need to be motivated to undertake their first experience.”

• cites Aula (2005)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Increased use of computers improves learning outcomes and improves performance.

“The few studies conducted indicate that increased use of computers improves learning outcomes and improves performance”

• cites Table 10Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

There remains plenty of opportunity in the other SCT relationships, particularly in those between Behavior and Environment.

“There remains plenty of opportunity in the other SCT relationships, particularly in those between Behavior and Environment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Dickinson & Gregor (2006) concluded that the results of studies claiming computer use has a positive effect on well-being of older adults were flawed and that computer use in fact did not have a positive impact.

“They concluded that the results of these studies were flawed for a variety of reasons and that computer use in fact did not have a positive impact.”

• cites Dickinson & Gregor (2006)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A great breadth of antecedents of Satisfaction have been studied in the IS literature, including information and system quality, perceived benefits and organization support, and usability related considerations such as perceived ease of use.

“Some of these antecedents include information and system quality (Petter & Mclean, 2009), perceived benefits and organization support (Mahmood, Burn, Gemoets, & Jacquez, 2000), and usability related considerations such as perceived ease of use (Bhattacherjee, 2001).”

• cites Petter & Mclean, 2009Not checked yet

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• cites Mahmood et al., 2000Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Bhattacherjee, 2001 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The influence of Person on Behavior and Environment are the only two relationships that have received considerable research attention.

“the influence of Person on Behavior and Environment are the only two relationships that have received considerable research attention.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Studies suggest that use of computers leads to increased social support.

“Studies also suggest that use of computers leads to increased social support.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Age effects on computer performance are largely mediated by contextual factors such as experience and cognitive abilities.

“Some suggest that age effects are largely mediated by contextual factors such as experience and cognitive abilities (Czaja et al., 2001).”

• cites Czaja et al., 2001 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Performance includes measures of both efficiency (time) and effectiveness (score), which is typical in usability studies.

“Performance includes measures of both efficiency (time) and effectiveness (score), which is typical in usability studies (Hornbaek, 2006).”

• cites Hornbaek, 2006 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Higher levels of performance and satisfaction have a positive impact on older adults by improving their attitudes and confidence, and reducing their anxiety towards computer use.

“higher levels of performance and satisfaction have a positive impact on older adults by improving their attitudes and confidence, and reducing their anxiety towards computer use.”

• cites Table 9Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Good support and training lead to higher levels of self-efficacy, confidence, attitudes, and reduced anxiety in older adults.

“with good support and training leading to higher levels of self-efficacy, confidence, attitudes, and reduced anxiety.”

• cites Table 9Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Satisfaction has been described as being caused by effectiveness and efficiency.

“Satisfaction has been described as being caused by effectiveness and efficiency (Pernice & Nielsen, 2005).”

• cites Pernice & Nielsen, 2005Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The usability lens has been applied in previous IS research, such as Venkatesh & Agarwal (2006).

“This theoretical lens has been applied in previous IS research, such as Venkatesh & Agarwal (2006).”

• cites Venkatesh & Agarwal (2006)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Several studies have found that computer use has a positive impact on psychosocial outcomes, improving general well being, reducing life stress, and loneliness.

“Several studies have found that computer use has a positive impact on psychosocial outcomes; improving general well being, reducing life stress, and loneliness.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Application of the usability lens involves consideration of both utilitarian and hedonic aspects, and their ultimate impact on user satisfaction.

“application of the usability lens involves consideration of both utilitarian and hedonic aspects, and their ultimate impact on user satisfaction.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Charness et al. (2001) found that age and experience trade off with roughly equal weight.

“Charness et al. (2001) found that age and experience trade off with roughly equal weight”

• cites Charness et al. (2001)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The measurement of user performance is the most common benchmark for usability in hypertext.

“The measurement of user performance is the most common benchmark for usability in hypertext (Otter & Johnson, 2000).”

• cites Otter & Johnson, 2000Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The accuracy of the mental model that a user develops has been found to impact the effectiveness and efficiency of their navigation in previous studies.

“The accuracy of the mental model that a user develops has been found to impact the effectiveness and efficiency of their navigation in previous studies.”

May combine two claims.

Cognitive absorption, cognitive involvement, and playfulness have each been found to lead to satisfaction.

“For example, cognitive absorption (Roca, Chiu, & Martinez, 2006), cognitive involvement (Patwardhan, 2004), and playfulness (Lin, Wu, & Tsai, 2005) have each been found to lead to satisfaction.”

• cites Roca et al., 2006 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Patwardhan, 2004Not checked yet

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• cites Lin et al., 2005Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Webster & Ahuja (2006) confirmed that engagement related positively to future intention within the context of e-learning.

“In their study, they hypothesized and confirmed that engagement related positively to future intention within the context of e-learning.”

• cites Webster & Ahuja (2006)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Spatial abilities are resistant to training and decline as age increases.

“Spatial abilities are resistant to training and decline as age increases (Salthouse, 1982)”

• cites Salthouse, 1982Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Users preferred sites in which they performed best.

“users preferred sites in which they performed best (Coyne & Nielsen, 2002; Parton, Huffman, Pridgen, Norman, & Shneiderman, 1985; Pernice & Nielsen, 2005).”

• cites Coyne & Nielsen, 2002Not checked yet

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• cites Parton et al., 1985Not checked yet

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• cites Pernice & Nielsen, 2005Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Users who were able to use a system with greater efficiency reported higher levels of satisfaction.

“it has been found that users who were able to use a system with greater efficiency reported higher levels of satisfaction (Simon, Grover, Teng, & Whitcomb, 1996)”

• cites Simon, Grover, Teng, & Whitcomb, 1996Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The relationship between perceived disorientation and performance is stronger than the relationship between objective measures of disorientation and performance.

“some studies have found that the relationship between perceived disorientation and performance is stronger than the relationship between objective measures of disorientation and performance (Ahuja & Webster, 2001;Otter & Johnson, 2000).”

• cites Ahuja & Webster, 2001Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Otter & Johnson, 2000Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Disorientation can lead to loss of interest in a web site.

“Disorientation can lead to loss of interest in a web site (McDonald & Stevenson, 1998)”

• cites McDonald & Stevenson, 1998Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Less efficient navigation results in poorer performance, indicating a causal relationship between objective measures of disorientation and performance.

“By definition, less efficient navigation results in poorer performance, indicating a causal relationship between •objective measures of disorientation and performance (Galletta et al., 2006;Lee & Boling, 2008;McDonald & Stevenson, 1996;Otter & Johnson, 2000;Roca et al., 2006).”

• cites Galletta et al., 2006 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Lee & Boling, 2008Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Otter & Johnson, 2000Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Disorientation remains a significant issue with web navigation.

“Despite research efforts to date to reduce disorientation through interface design elements, disorientation remains a significant issue with web navigation (Ahuja & Webster, 2001;Otter & Johnson, 2000;Webster & Ahuja, 2006).”

• cites Ahuja & Webster, 2001Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Otter & Johnson, 2000Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Webster & Ahuja, 2006Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

A review by Roca et al. (2006) found several studies where PEOU led to satisfaction, which was also confirmed in their own study and Sjolinder (2006).

“A review by Roca et al. (2006) found several studies where PEOU led to satisfaction, which was also confirmed in their own study and Sjolinder (2006).”

• cites Roca et al., 2006 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Sjolinder, 2006Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Perceived disorientation is conceptually similar yet distinct to perceived ease of use (PEOU) in that if a web site is easy to use, a user is less likely to feel lost.

“Perceived disorientation is a conceptually similar yet distinct construct to perceived ease of use (PEOU) in that if a web site is easy to use, a user is less likely to feel lost (Ahuja & Webster, 2001).”

• cites Ahuja & Webster, 2001Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Webster & Ahuja (2006) confirmed that engagement related positively to performance within an e-learning context.

“Webster & Ahuja (2006) also hypothesized and confirmed that engagement related positively to performance within an e-learning context.”

• cites Webster & Ahuja (2006)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

PEOU influences playfulness.

“and playfulness (Chung & Tan, 2004; Moon & Kim, 2001)”

• cites Chung & Tan, 2004Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Moon & Kim, 2001Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Perceived disorientation is a conceptually similar yet distinct construct to perceived ease of use (PEOU).

“Perceived disorientation is a conceptually similar yet distinct construct to perceived ease of use (PEOU) (Ahuja & Webster, 2001).”

• cites Ahuja & Webster, 2001Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Disorientation can lead to frustration.

“and frustration (Lazaret al., 2003; McDonald & Stevenson, 1996).”

• cites Lazaret al., 2003Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites McDonald & Stevenson, 1996Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

If users of a web site do not feel that it is easy to navigate or are uncomfortable with its structure, they will not be sufficiently engaged.

“Jacques et al. (1995) assert that if users of a web site do not feel that it is easy to navigate or are uncomfortable with its structure, they will not be sufficiently engaged.”

• cites Jacques et al., 1995Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Age has been shown in empirical research to impact computer use in a variety of ways as a result of changes caused by the natural process of aging.

“age has been shown in empirical research to impact computer use in a variety of ways as a result of changes caused by the natural process of aging.”

May combine two claims.

Older users had more difficulty recalling previous actions and the locations of previously viewed information and returned to previously visited pages while performing a single search task significantly more often than younger adults.

“older users had more difficulty recalling previous actions and the locations of previo~sly viewed information and they returned to previously visited pages while performing a single search task significantly more often than younger adults (Agarwal & Karahanna, 2000;Lin, 2003aLin, , 2004;;Mead et al., 1999;Meyer, Sit, Spaulding, Mead, & Walker, 1997;Morrell et al., 2003;Pernice & Nielsen, 2005).”

• cites Agarwal & Karahanna, 2000Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Lin, 2003aNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Mead et al., 1999Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A new experimental web site was designed and built because measuring participants' mental model development required that participants had not seen the site before.

“Measurement of the participants' mental model development required that participants had not seen the experimental web site before, thus a new web site was designed and built for this experiment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Usability guidelines were consulted in the development of the experimental web site.

“Usability guidelines were consulted in the development of the site including”

May combine two claims.

Spatial abilities increase during adolescence, reach their peak during the second or third decade of life, and decrease steadily after that.

“Spatial abilities have consistently been found to increase during adolescence, reach their peak during the second or third decade of life, and decrease steadily after that (Salthouse, 1982).”

• cites Salthouse, 1982Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

There is consistent evidence that performance declines as age increases, including in a web site context.

“there is consistent evidence that performance declines as age increases, including in a web site context.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The order of the tasks was consistent across participants to enable comparison between participants.

“The order of the tasks was consistent across participants to enable comparison between participants.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

A panel of six subject matter experts judged the experimental web site content for correctness, logic of layout, and appropriateness of labels, and no significant changes were suggested.

“a panel of six subject matter experts was consulted to judge content for correctness, logic of layout, and appropriateness of labels.”

• Also stated in: § 4.2 Experimental Web Site · plain

  “No significant changes were suggested for the content.”

May combine two claims.

A balance between objective and subjective measures is particularly important when conducting experiments with older adults because self-reports of older adults are more likely to be inconsistent with observations than those of younger adults.

“A balance between objective and subjective measures is particularly important when conducting experiments with older adults since self-reports of older adults are more likely to be inconsistent with observations than those of younger adults (Dickinson et al., 2007}.”

• cites Dickinson et al., 2007 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participants were allowed up to fifteen minutes to complete the MMA exercise, a length deemed reasonable as a result of the pilot study.

“Participants were allowed up to fifteen minutes to complete the exercise.This length of time was deemed to be reasonable as a result of the pilot study.”

May combine two claims.

It is more difficult for older users to learn the spatial structure of new environments, and thus they tend to become disoriented.

“This is related to the fact that it is more difficult for older user to learn the spatial structure of new environments, and thus tend to become disoriented (Lin, 2003a).”

• cites Lin, 2003aNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The web site files were stored locally on the laptop to ensure fast and consistent navigation.

“The web site files were stored locally on the laptop to ensure fast and consistent navigation.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The two versions of the experimental web site had identical content, labels, and underlying structure, but different navigation layouts.

“Each site had identical content, labels, and underlying structure, but different navigation layouts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The remaining 13 pilot sessions ran smoothly and the procedure was deemed appropriate.

“Using these new constraints, the remaining 13 pilot sessions ran smoothly and the procedure was deemed appropriate.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The collected data was screened for missing data, and univariate and multivariate outliers.

“The collected data was screened for missing data, and univariate and multivariate outliers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A pilot study was conducted prior to the full study to ensure that the experimental procedure was appropriate and that the wording of the questions was not confusing.

“A pilot study was conducted prior to the full study to ensure that the experimental procedure was appropriate and that the wording of the questions was not confusing.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

PLS was chosen over covariance-based SEM techniques for this study.

“Within the options for SEM analysis, Partial least Squares (PLS) was chosen over the alternative covariance-based techniques for a number of reasons (Gefen et al., 2000):”

• cites Gefen et al., 2000Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The reflective constructs demonstrated high internal consistency and were sufficiently reliable (Cronbach's Alpha exceeded 0.70 for each construct).

“Cronbach's Alpha statistic exceeded the recommended value of 0.70 for each construct (Cronbach, 1951L indicating that the constructs demonstrated high internal consistency and were sufficiently reliable.”

• cites Cronbach, 1951 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

External validity criteria were met for each formative construct except performance (performance to satisfaction is not significant).

“As Table 24 shows, these criteria were met for each of the formative constructs except performance (performance ~ satisfaction is not significant).”

• cites Table 24Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The VZ-2 Paper Folding and S-1 Card Rotations tests have been commonly used in the Information Systems literature.

“These tests have been commonly used in the Information Systems literature (Ziefle & Bay, 2006).”

• cites Ziefle & Bay, 2006 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The pilot study led to changes: browsing time reduced to five minutes, web site reduced to 39 pages, and a 15 minute time limit set for the MMA exercise.

“As a result the following changes to the procedure were made: the browsing time was reduced to five minutes, the web site was reduced to 39 pages, and a 15 minute time limit was set for the MMA exercise.”

May combine two claims.

All item loadings exceeded 0.7 and are significant; overall, the reflective constructs of the research model exhibit sufficient reliability and validity.

“all of the item loadings exceeded the recommended value of 0.7 (Nunnally, 1978) and are significant.Overall, the reflective constructs of the research model exhibit sufficient reliability and validity.”

• cites Nunnally, 1978Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Female participants may be more interested in the topic because they were more familiar with it.

“which suggests that they may be more interested in it.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

It was concluded that the exercises and questionnaires were clear and appropriate for the full study.

“It was concluded that the exercises and questionnaires were clear and appropriate for the full study.”

May combine two claims.

Three participants were both univariate and multivariate outliers and were excluded, resulting in a final data set of 97 individuals.

“Since these three participants were both univariate and multivariate outliers, they were excluded from the data set.As a result the final data set consists of 97 individuals.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Chronological age is one of five conceptualizations of aging; the others include functional, subjective, organizational, and life span.

“As discussed in Kooij et al. (2008), chronological age is one of five conceptualizations of aging.Other conceptualizations include functional (performance based), subjective (perceived), organizational (in an employment context}, and life span.”

• cites Kooij et al., 2008 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

In general, higher levels of cognitive abilities and experience both have a positive impact on performance measures.

“in general it seems that higher levels of cognitive abilities and experience both have a positive impact on performance measures.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Given the triadic reciprocality of SCT, the less often studied relationships may offer alternative routes for influencing the computer use behaviors of older adults.

“While the importance of these less often studied relationships may not be as intuitive, given the triadic reciprocality of SCT they may offer alternative routes for influencing the computer use behaviors of older adults.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The stronger correlation of engagement with chronological age may be because chronological age correlated with topic familiarity and may not be a result of age on its own.

“this may be because chronological age correlated with topic familiarity (and thus interest in the topic) and may not be a result of age on its own.”

May combine two claims.

Chronological age is a strong predictor of utilitarian outcomes, whereas other age conceptualizations could add insight to the study of hedonic outcomes.

“This may imply that chronological age is a strong predictor of utilitarian outcomes, whereas other conceptualizations could add insight to the more complex study of hedonic outcomes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Engaged users may have lost focus on the tasks because of their engagement with the web site, and as a result their performance suffered.

“It may be that engaged users lost focus on the tasks because of their engagement with the web site, and as a result their performance suffered.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The square root of AVE of a construct should be greater than its correlations with all other constructs.

“the square root of AVE of a construct should be greater than its correlations with all other constructs.”

• cites Fornell & larcker (1981) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The relationship between cognitive abilities and time is less clear, with two studies finding a negative relationship and two others finding no relationship.

“The relationship between cognitive abilities and time is less clear with two studies finding a negative relationship and two others finding no relationship.”

May combine two claims.

Older adults may have under-reported their feelings of disorientation because older participants tend to focus on positive aspects of their experience and have more desire to be polite and socially desirable.

“Older adults under-reported their feelings of disorientation since older participants have a tendency to focus on the positive aspects of their experience and report feelings more positive than observed by the experimenter (Sayers, 2004), and have more of a desire to be polite and socially desirable (Dickinson et al., 2007).”

• cites Sayers, 2004 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Dickinson et al., 2007 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Participants were randomly assigned using the random number generating function in MS Excel to a web site condition (either Menu or Tree).

“Participants were randomly assigned using the random number generating function in MS Excel to a web site condition (either Menu or Tree as discussed in section 4.2).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Disorientation was measured using the same seven items as in Webster & Ahuja (2006), a previously validated scale from Ahuja & Webster (2001).

“Disorientation was measured using the same seven items as in Webster & Ahuja (2006), a previously validated scale from Ahuja & Webster (2001).”

• cites Webster & Ahuja (2006)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Ahuja & Webster (2001)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Three older participants did not answer the question 'How old do you feel?'; in each case, the participants' actual age was substituted.

“In addition, three older participants did not answer the question”