Ageing of black carbon along a temperature gradient
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) is regarded as a chemically and biologically stable form of carbon and the changes of BC properties in nature are generally assumed to be minute. However, more and more observations have argued the inertness of BC. The objectives of this study were to characterize the changes of BC properties through ageing processes and to identify if these changes are associated with temperature. Our results showed that ageing of BC occurs over a temperature range from -22 degrees C to 70 degrees C within a short period of 12 months. The main changes of BC properties through ageing were found in elemental composition, surface chemistry, and adsorption properties, where the aged BCs were shown to have higher oxygen concentrations, surface acidity, and negative surface charge but lower C concentrations, pH, surface basicity, point of zero net charge, and also a lower adsorption capacity of hydroquinone, an allelopathic compound, than fresh BC. These ageing processes of BC were affected by temperature and changed over time, with higher temperature and longer incubation time enhancing BC ageing. Our results from a wide temperature range suggest that ageing of BC is likely to occur in any terrestrial regime and that the changes of BC properties through ageing should not be overlooked.
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In both blending with compost and co-composting, the porous biochar adsorptive surface sites are charged with nutrients, thereby stimulating microbial colonization, improving biochar surface reactivity through accelerated oxidative aging and promoting dissolved organic carbon (DOC) adsorption and coating.
“In both cases, the porous biochar adsorptive surface sites are charged with nutrients [18,19], thereby stimulating microbial colonization [20], improving biochar surface reactivity through accelerated oxidative aging [21,22] and promoting dissolved organic carbon (DOC) adsorption and coating [18,[23][24][25].”
From Fourfold increase in pumpkin yield in response to low-dosage root zone application of urine-enhanced biochar to a fertile tropical soil (2015) · cites this paper as [21]
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Chemical Aging Changed Aggregation Kinetics and Transport of Biochar Colloids
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Adsorption of Cr(III) from acidic solutions by crop straw derived biochars
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Biochar physico-chemical properties as affected by environmental exposure
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High surface area biochar negatively impacts herbicide efficacy
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“Cheng and Lehmann (2009) reported a decrease in sorption of hydroquinone of about 50% in a 12 month soil-biochar incubation at 30°C, and a more substantial decrease in a system aged at 70°C (Cheng and Lehmann 2009).”
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BackgroundEffect of crop residue biochar on soil acidity amelioration in strongly acidic tea garden soils
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“For wheat and peanut biochar, the peaks at 779 and 1396 per cm in the spectra of biochar were detected, and those peaks are due to the carboxylate (–COO ) deviational vibration and symmetric stretching, respectively (Cheng & Lehmann, 2009).”
BackgroundJoseph, S. D., Anawar, H. M., Storer, P. J., Blackwell, P. S., Chia, C. H., Lin, Y., Munroe, P. R., Donne, S. W., Horvat, J., Wang, J., et al. (2015) · Pedosphere · doi:10.1016/s1002-0160(15)30056-4 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Mobilization of phosphate in variable-charge soils amended with biochars derived from crop straws
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“The formation of carbonyl and carboxylic functional groups on the surface of aged biochar was observed (Cheng and Lehmann 2009; Yao et al. 2010).”
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Simulated degradation of biochar and its potential environmental implications
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Effects of aged and fresh biochars on soil acidity under different incubation conditions
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“Incubating charcoal at elevated temperatures can oxidize the surfaces, lowering the pH0 and converting AEC in the new charcoal to CEC in the incubated charcoals (Cheng et al., 2006; Cheng and Lehmann, 2009).”
BackgroundCharacterization of an enriched biochar
Chia, C. H., Singh, B. P., Joseph, S. D., Gräber, E. R., & Munroe, P. R. (2014) · Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis · doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2014.05.021 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
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Mechanism of Cu(II) adsorption inhibition on biochar by its aging process
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The addition of biochar as a sustainable strategy for the remediation of PAH–contaminated sediments
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“Synergistic effects of a BC-compost blend on plant growth and performance are thought to be mediated by sorption of nutrients by the porous BC matrix [29], stimulation of microbial colonization [32], degradation of possible noxious pyrogenic substances [33], improvement of the BC surface reactivity through accelerated…”
The use of Raman spectroscopy to characterize the carbon materials found in Amazonian anthrosoils
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Sorption, Volatilization, and Efficacy of the Fumigant 1,3‐Dichloropropene in a Biochar‐Amended Soil
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Seasonal performance of denitrifying bioreactors in the Northeastern United States: Field trials
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“Thus, aging affects the elemental composition of biochar [293–298].”
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“…the ageing of soot, under ambient conditions, induced by ozone (Decesari et al. 2002), by desorption and oxidation (Cheng et al. 2006; Braun 2009; Cheng and Lehmann 2009), by water uptake (Popovitcheva et al. 2008), or by photolysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH, Kim et al. 2009) and…”
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“Other mechanisms for NH + 4 sorption by biochar have been described by CEC, acidic and oxygen functional groups [14,15]; while NO3 sorption has been associated with basic functional groups and positive exchange sites on the biochar surface [14,16].”
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Dissolved Black Carbon in the Headwaters-to-Ocean Continuum of Paraíba Do Sul River, Brazil
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“The resulting carboxylated molecular subunits partially dissolve in water and migrate through the soil as dissolved BC (DBC; Cheng and Lehmann, 2009).”
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Nguyen, B. T., Trinh, N. N., Le, C. M. T., Nguyen, T. T., Tran, T. V., Thai, B. V., & Le, T. V. (2018) · Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science · doi:10.1080/03650340.2018.1455186 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cheng, C.-H., & Lehmann, J.
- Affiliations
- National Taiwan University (TW)
- Cornell University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cheng, Chih-Hsin
- Venue
- Chemosphere
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-05
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1021-1027
- ISSN
- 0045-6535 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1977847066
- Cited by
- 295
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 21.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Chemosphere (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Keywords
- black carbon, temperature gradient, surface chemistry, surface acidity, surface charge, oxygen concentration, adsorption capacity, hydroquinone, allelochemicals, elemental composition, point of zero net charge, incubation time
- MeSH terms
- Adsorption, Surface Properties, Temperature, Time Factors, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, Soot
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