Recipients of children’s and adolescents’ disclosures of childhood sexual abuse: A systematic review
Abstract
Disclosure of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is a complex, multifaceted process with many barriers that are largely shaped by individual, familial, and systemic characteristics. Children and youth tend to withhold or delay disclosure for many years, such that most CSA goes unreported. This systematic review aimed to synthesize evidence regarding the pathways and recipients of CSA disclosures and to identify potential developmental and gender differences in the recipients of disclosures. Thirty-seven studies conducted between 1990 and 2017 were selected for review. Results indicated that children and youth follow a gradual pattern of disclosure, whereby they first disclose to peers before disclosing to a parent or trusted adult, who can then help the child report to a person of authority. Key developmental patterns in CSA disclosure were identified, whereby older children and adolescents are significantly more likely to turn to peers, keeping the abuse largely hidden from adults. Gender differences were also found, whereby girls are more likely to seek emotional support by disclosing to peers, whereas boys are significantly less likely to disclose the abuse all together; when boys do disclose, they tend to do so for practical reasons, such as protection or accessing services. This review contributes to our understanding of the various pathways of CSA disclosure and highlights the importance of further understanding youth-directed disclosures and how the reactions of informal recipients of disclosures may impact further disclosures to authorities and professionals. Research and clinical implications of the findings are discussed.
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In the context of CSA, adult disclosure is particularly motivated by the wish for the abuse to stop and for help in contacting authorities.
“This is in line with previous findings indicating that, in the context of CSA, adult disclosure is particularly motivated by the wish for the abuse to stop and for help in contacting authorities (Manay & Collin-Vézina, 2021).”
From Why They Speak Up (or Don’t): Reasons For and Against Cybergrooming Disclosure Among Adolescent Victims (2025) · cites this paper as Manay & Collin-Vézina, 2021
Seeking emotional support is particularly relevant for peer disclosure.
“This aligns with previous findings indicating that seeking emotional support is particularly relevant for peer disclosure (Manay & Collin-Vézina, 2021).”
From Why They Speak Up (or Don’t): Reasons For and Against Cybergrooming Disclosure Among Adolescent Victims (2025) · cites this paper as Manay & Collin-Vézina, 2021
Victims disclose to different confidants for different reasons after sexual abuse; when confiding to peers, adolescents may primarily aim for emotional support and help to tell an adult, while in adult disclosure, the wish for the abuse to stop and for assistance in seeking formal support might be particularly relevant.
“Building on traditional abuse research, victims disclose to different confidants for different reasons after sexual abuse (Manay & Collin-Vézina, 2021); when confiding to peers, adolescents may primarily aim for emotional support and help to tell an adult, while in adult disclosure, the wish for the abuse to stop and for assistance in seeking formal support might be particularly relevant.”
From Why They Speak Up (or Don’t): Reasons For and Against Cybergrooming Disclosure Among Adolescent Victims (2025) · cites this paper as Manay & Collin-Vézina, 2021
In adolescence, there is a shift in emotional attachment and perceived social support away from parents toward peers, leading to a preference for peer disclosure.
“It has been argued from a developmental psychology perspective that in adolescence, there is a shift in emotional attachment and perceived social support away from parents toward peers, leading to a preference for peer disclosure (Manay & Collin-Vézina, 2021).”
From Why They Speak Up (or Don’t): Reasons For and Against Cybergrooming Disclosure Among Adolescent Victims (2025) · cites this paper as Manay & Collin-Vézina, 2021
The finding that peer disclosure is more prevalent than adult disclosure aligns with the current state of research on disclosure following sexual victimization.
“Peer disclosure (73%) was still more prevalent than adult disclosure (55%), aligning with the current state of research on disclosure following sexual victimization (Manay & Collin-Vézina, 2021).”
From Why They Speak Up (or Don’t): Reasons For and Against Cybergrooming Disclosure Among Adolescent Victims (2025) · cites this paper as Manay & Collin-Vézina, 2021
Disclosure processes may vary between children and adolescents, with disclosure to parents and involuntary and prompted disclosures being more prevalent in younger children than adolescents.
“Further, disclosure processes may vary between children and adolescents. For instance, disclosure to parents and involuntary and prompted disclosures were more prevalent in younger children than adolescents (Manay & Collin-Vézina, 2021).”
From Why They Speak Up (or Don’t): Reasons For and Against Cybergrooming Disclosure Among Adolescent Victims (2025) · cites this paper as Manay & Collin-Vézina, 2021
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- Authors
- Manay, N., & Collin-Vézina, D.
- Venue
- Child Abuse & Neglect
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-06
- Volume
- 116
- Issue
- Pt 1
- Pages
- 104192
- ISSN
- 0145-2134 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2977099748
- Semantic Scholar
- 894623c6cd5a9213fc2528a3a8f2f7b2aabc7717
- Cited by
- 100
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 0.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Child Abuse & Neglect (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Military, Security, and Education Studies
- Keywords
- child sexual abuse, disclosure recipients, peer disclosure, gender differences, developmental differences, barriers to reporting
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child Abuse, Child Abuse, Sexual, Female, Humans, Male, Self Disclosure, Sex Factors, Disclosure
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