Child sexual abuse is largely hidden from the adult society
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate disclosure rates and disclosure patterns and to examine predictors of non-disclosure in a sample of male and female adolescents with self-reported experiences of sexual abuse.Method A sample of 4,339 high school seniors (2,324 girls, 2,015 boys) was examined with a questionnaire concerning sexual experiences in this study with a focus on disclosure of sexual abuse (non-contact, contact or penetrating abuse, and including peer abuse).Results Of the sample, 1,505 girls (65%) and 457 boys (23%) reported experience of sexual abuse. The disclosure rate was 81% (girls) and 69% (boys). Girls and boys disclosed most often to a friend of their own age. Few had disclosed to professionals. Even fewer said that the incident had been reported to the authorities. Logistic regression showed that it was less likely for girls to disclose if they had experienced contact sexual abuse with or without penetration, abuse by a family member, only a single abuse occasion or if they had perceived their parents as non-caring. Boys were less likely to disclose if they studied a vocational program, lived with both parents or had perceived their parents as either caring and overprotective or non-caring and not overprotective.Conclusions Disclosing sexual abuse is a complex process. Much is hidden from the adult society, especially from professionals and the legal system. Since peers are the most common receivers of abuse information, programs for supporting peers ought to be developed. Differences in disclosure patterns for girls and boys indicate that a gender perspective is helpful when developing guidelines for professionals.Practice implications Professionals, especially in the school system, need to be more aware of the finding that few sexually abused children seek help from professionals or other adults and that support offers should be directly addressed not only to the vulnerable young persons themselves but also to peers who wish to help a friend.
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Family members and friends (peers) of the child victim can act as key supports to creating an open relational context and fostering positive responses.
“Further, family members and friends (peers) of the child victim can act as key supports to creating an open relational context and fostering positive responses (Jensen et al., 2005; Priebe & Svedin, 2008; Schönbucher et al., 2012; Ungar et al., 2009b).”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Priebe & Svedin, 2008
Young people could ultimately perceive parental interference and restrictions on Internet use as a punishment.
“Further, even if parents understood interference and restrictions on Internet use to protect their children from further victimization, young people could ultimately perceive it as a punishment (Priebe & Svedin, 2008).”
From Why They Speak Up (or Don’t): Reasons For and Against Cybergrooming Disclosure Among Adolescent Victims (2025) · cites this paper as Priebe & Svedin, 2008
In Priebe and Svedin (2008), few had disclosed to professionals, and even fewer had reported to the authorities.
“Few had disclosed to professionals, and even fewer had reported to the authorities.”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Priebe and Svedin (2008)
In Priebe and Svedin (2008), 1,505 girls (65%) and 457 boys (23%) reported CSA.
“Of the sample, 1,505 girls (65%) and 457 boys (23%) reported CSA.”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Priebe and Svedin (2008)
In Priebe and Svedin (2008), girls and boys disclosed most often to a friend of their own age.
“Girls and boys disclosed most often to a friend of their own age.”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Priebe and Svedin (2008)
In Priebe and Svedin (2008), the more severe the sexual abuse was, the less likely both girls and boys had talked to their mother, father, or a sibling.
“The more severe the sexual abuse was, the less likely both girls and boys had talked to their mother, father, or a sibling.”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Priebe and Svedin (2008)
In Priebe and Svedin (2008), there were higher rates of disclosure to a professional with more severe abuse for girls, but lower rates for boys.
“There were higher rates of disclosure to a professional with more severe abuse (contact abuse with or without penetration) for girls, but lower rates for boys”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Priebe and Svedin (2008)
In Priebe and Svedin (2008), the disclosure rate was 81% for girls and 69% for boys.
“The disclosure rate was 81% (girls) and 69% (boys).”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Priebe and Svedin (2008)
Priebe and Svedin (2008) had a significant amount of boys who did not complete the questions regarding disclosure.
“Study limitations include a significant amount of boys who did not complete the questions regarding disclosure on;”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Priebe and Svedin (2008)
In Priebe and Svedin (2008), youth participants may not have understood all the questions.
“and youth participants may not have understood all the questions”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Priebe and Svedin (2008)
Priebe and Svedin (2008) highlighted that sexual abuse is largely hidden from adult society, especially from professionals and the legal system.
“This study highlighted that sexual abuse is largely hidden from adult society, especially from professionals and the legal system.”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Priebe and Svedin (2008)
In Priebe and Svedin (2008), adolescents who reported CSA perceived their mental health as poorer compared to adolescents without CSA.
“Adolescents who reported CSA perceived their mental health as poorer compared to adolescents without CSA.”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Priebe and Svedin (2008)
In Priebe and Svedin (2008), boys were less likely to disclose if a family member abused them, they were studying a vocational program (vs. an academic program), lived with both parents, or had perceived their parents as less caring and not overprotective.
“Boys were less likely to disclose if a family member abused them, they were studying a vocational program (vs. an academic program), lived with both parents or had perceived their parents as less caring and not overprotective.”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Priebe and Svedin (2008)
In Priebe and Svedin (2008), nondisclosers reported more symptoms on the Mental Health Scale than those who had disclosed.
“Nondisclosers reported more symptoms on the Mental Health Scale than those who had disclosed”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Priebe and Svedin (2008)
Priebe and Svedin (2008) had a possibility of recall bias with retrospective studies based on self-reports.
“possibility of recall bias with retrospective studies based on self-reports;”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Priebe and Svedin (2008)
In Priebe and Svedin (2008), time lapsed to disclosure was not reported.
“However, time lapsed to disclosure was not reported.”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Priebe and Svedin (2008)
In Priebe and Svedin (2008), girls were less likely to disclose if they had experienced contact sexual abuse with or without penetration, less frequent abuse, abuse by a family member, or if they had perceived their parents as less caring and less overprotective and highly overprotective.
“Girls were less likely to disclose if they had experienced contact sexual abuse with or without penetration, less frequent abuse, abuse by a family member, or if they had perceived their parents as less caring and less overprotective and highly overprotective.”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Priebe and Svedin (2008)
In Priebe and Svedin (2008), the timing of disclosures (whether they were delayed or not) was not measured.
“the timing of disclosures (whether they were delayed or not) was not measured;”
From Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Disclosures: A Research Update (2000–2016) (2019) · cites this paper as Priebe and Svedin (2008)
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“Further, even if parents understood interference and restrictions on Internet use to protect their children from further victimization, young people could ultimately perceive it as a punishment (Priebe & Svedin, 2008).”
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- Authors
- Priebe, G., & Svedin, C. G.
- Affiliations
- Lund University (SE)
- Linköping University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Priebe, Gisela
- Venue
- Child Abuse & Neglect
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-12
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1095-1108
- ISSN
- 0145-2134 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2121530306
- Cited by
- 364
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 12.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Child Abuse & Neglect (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Military, Security, and Education Studies
- Keywords
- child sexual abuse, disclosure of abuse, non-disclosure, adolescents, gender differences, peer disclosure, family abuse, parental overprotection, school-based support
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Child Abuse, Sexual, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Incest, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Disclosure, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Sweden, Young Adult
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