The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Gut Microbial Metabolites Fuel Host Antibody Responses
Open accessAbstract
Antibody production is a metabolically demanding process that is regulated by gut microbiota, but the microbial products supporting B cell responses remain incompletely identified. We report that short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), produced by gut microbiota as fermentation products of dietary fiber, support host antibody responses. In B cells, SCFAs increase acetyl-CoA and regulate metabolic sensors to increase oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, and fatty acid synthesis, which produce energy and building blocks supporting antibody production. In parallel, SCFAs control gene expression to express molecules necessary for plasma B cell differentiation. Mice with low SCFA production due to reduced dietary fiber consumption or microbial insufficiency are defective in homeostatic and pathogen-specific antibody responses, resulting in greater pathogen susceptibility. However, SCFA or dietary fiber intake restores this immune deficiency. This B cell-helping function of SCFAs is detected from the intestines to systemic tissues and conserved among mouse and human B cells, highlighting its importance.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Since microbial metabolites can be utilized by T cells for their metabolic demand to enhance glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation28,29”
From Microbial short-chain fatty acids modulate CD8+ T cell responses and improve adoptive immunotherapy for cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“Intriguingly, they further found that SCFAs in parallel modulate the energy metabolism of B cells to promote production of antibodies (M. Kim et al., 2016).”
From Understanding the Holobiont: How Microbial Metabolites Affect Human Health and Shape the Immune System (2017) · cites this paper as M. Kim et al., 2016
In the citing paper
“Kim et al. shed further light on this observation and demonstrated that SCFAs support antibody responses by regulating gene expression through HDAC inhibition.”
From Understanding the Holobiont: How Microbial Metabolites Affect Human Health and Shape the Immune System (2017) · cites this paper as M. Kim et al., 2016
Citations
Cites
Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells
Furusawa, Y., Obata, Y., Fukuda, S., Endo, T. A., Nakato, G., Takahashi, D., Nakanishi, Y., Uetake, C., Kato, K., Kato, T., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12721 · Cited by 5,549 · cited 6×
“A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript comparable to the C3 levels created by HFD (Figure S2A).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Microbial Metabolites, Short-Chain Fatty Acids, Regulate Colonic T reg Cell Homeostasis
Smith, P. M., Howitt, M. R., Panikov, N., Michaud, M., Gallini, C. A., Bohlooly-Y, M., Glickman, J. N., & Garrett, W. S. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1241165 · Cited by 5,413 · cited 2×
“SCFAs increase colonic FoxP3+ Tregs (Furusawa et al., 2013; Smith et al., 2013).”
BackgroundRole of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation.
Belkaid, Y., & Hand, T. W. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.011 · Cited by 5,385 · cited 1×
“A mounting body of evidence indicates that gut microbiota profoundly influences the host immune system (Alexander et al., 2014; Belkaid and Hand, 2014).”
BackgroundThe gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease
Round, J. L., & Mazmanian, S. K. (2009) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2515 · Cited by 5,029 · cited 1×
“For example, germ-free mice are variably impaired in epithelial integrity, gut-associated lymphoid tissue development, innate and adaptive immunity, and immune tolerance (Round and Mazmanian, 2009).”
BackgroundMetabolites produced by commensal bacteria promote peripheral regulatory T-cell generation
Arpaia, N., Campbell, C., Fan, X., Dikiy, S., van der Veeken, J., deRoos, P., Liu, H., Cross, J. R., Pfeffer, K., Coffer, P. J., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12726 · Cited by 4,838 · cited 1×
“SCFAs support epithelial cell integrity, innate immune functions, and the generation of regulatory and effector T cells (Arpaia et al., 2013; Furusawa et al., 2013; Kim et al., 2013; Park et al., 2015; Sakata, 1987; Schauber et al., 2003).”
BackgroundFunctional interactions between the gut microbiota and host metabolism
Tremaroli, V., & Bäckhed, F. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11552 · Cited by 4,387 · cited 2×
“…and analyzed data and drafted the manuscript with MK. anuscript A uthor M anuscript Keywords Short chain fatty acids; antibody; B cells; metabolism INTRODUCTION Host and gut microbial flora functionally interact in the gut for mutual benefits (Brown et al., 2013; Tremaroli and Backhed, 2012).”
BackgroundMuramatsu, M., Kinoshita, K., Fagarasan, S., Yamada, S., Shinkai, Y., & Honjo, T. (2000) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)00078-7 · Cited by 3,559 · cited 1×
“These genes are linked to B cell differentiation and/or IgA and IgG production (Aldrich et al., 2003; Muramatsu et al., 2000; Turner et al., 1994).”
BackgroundShort chain fatty acids in human large intestine, portal, hepatic and venous blood
Cummings, J. H., Pomare, E. W., Branch, W. J., Naylor, C. P., & Macfarlane, G. T. (1987) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.28.10.1221 · Cited by 3,119 · cited 3×
“The total luminal SCFA concentration in humans reaches ~130 mmol/Kg in the colon and ~15 mmol/Kg in the small intestine (SI) (Cummings et al., 1987).”
BackgroundInfluentialEnergy contributions of volatile fatty acids from the gastrointestinal tract in various species
Bergman, E. N. (1990) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1990.70.2.567 · Cited by 2,750 · cited 12×
“Moreover, SCFAs enhanced the mitochondrial ATP production and maximal respiration rates in B cells (Figure 4C).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRegulation of short-chain fatty acid production
Macfarlane, S., & Macfarlane, G. T. (2003) · Proceedings of the Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns2002207 · Cited by 1,939 · cited 1×
“Short chain fatty acid (SCFAs) are the major microbial metabolites of DF (Macfarlane and Macfarlane, 2003).”
Background
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 897
Achievement of Tolerance Induction to Prevent Acute Graft-vs.-Host Disease
Thangavelu, G., & Blazar, B. R. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00309 · Cited by 37
Salgaço, M. K., Perina, N. P., Tomé, T. M., Mosquera, E. M. B., Lazarini, T., Sartoratto, A., & Sivieri, K. (2021) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110292 · Cited by 39
“, 2015), host immunological functions (Kim et al., 2016) and is considered a resource compound with promising effects on various neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, besides being the main source of energy for colonocytes and be involved in maintaining colonic health (Bourassa, Alim, Bultman, & Ratan, 2016; Di…”
BackgroundLin, H., Lin, J., Pan, T., Li, T., Jiang, H., Fang, Y., Wang, Y., Wu, F.-L., Huang, J. M., Zhang, H., et al. (2023) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-023-05589-3 · Cited by 37
“Additionally, as one of the main metabolites of bacteria, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have been confirmed to be closely related to IgA production [26, 27].”
Sanchez, J. F., Maknojia, A., & King, K. Y. (2024) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.2023021174 · Cited by 41
Gut microbiome in the first 1000 days and risk for childhood food allergy
Davis, E. C., Monaco, C. L., Insel, R. A., & Järvinen, K. M. (2024) · Annals of Allergy Asthma & Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.anai.2024.03.010 · Cited by 39
Wang, H., Shen, J., Pi, Y., Gao, K., & Zhu, W. (2019) · Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology/Journal of animal science and biotechnology · doi:10.1186/s40104-019-0387-9 · Cited by 37
Goguyer‐Deschaumes, R., Waeckel, L., Killian, M., Rochereau, N., & Paul, S. (2021) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2021.11.005 · Cited by 41
Advances in gut-lung axis research: clinical perspectives on pneumonia prevention and treatment
Ye, F., Li, L., Wang, J., & Hongfeng, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1576141 · Cited by 40
“Moreover, SCFAs play critical roles in energy metabolism, which are essential for supporting B cell activation, differentiation, and antibody synthesis (85).”
High-fat diet reduces the level of secretory immunoglobulin A coating of commensal gut microbiota
Muhomah, T. A., Nishino, N., KATSUMATA, E., HAOMING, W., & Tsuruta, T. (2019) · Bioscience of Microbiota Food and Health · doi:10.12938/bmfh.18-027 · Cited by 37
Gut Microbiome Modulation for Preventing and Treating Pediatric Food Allergies
Costanzo, M. D., Carucci, L. R., Canani, R. B., & Biasucci, G. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21155275 · Cited by 36
Wei, Y., Chang, L., Ishima, T., Wan, X., Ma, L., Wuyun, G., Pu, Y., & Hashimoto, K. (2021) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100198 · Cited by 36
Prenatal Depression, Breastfeeding, and Infant Gut Microbiota
Rodriguez, N., Tun, H. M., Field, C. J., Mandhane, P. J., Scott, J. A., & Kozyrskyj, A. L. (2021) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.664257 · Cited by 37
Antibiotic Use and Vaccine Antibody Levels
Chapman, T. J., Pham, M. T., Bajorski, P., & Pichichero, M. E. (2022) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2021-052061 · Cited by 36
The immunological interplay between vaccination and the intestinal microbiota
Zimmermann, P. (2023) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-023-00627-9 · Cited by 39
Wu, J., Yu, G., Zhang, X., Staiger, M. P., Gupta, T. B., Yao, H. L., & Wu, X. (2024) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122530 · Cited by 38
Ma, C., Guo, H., Chang, H., Huang, S. W., Jiang, S., Huo, D., Zhang, J., & Zhu, X. (2020) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/s12866-020-01990-6 · Cited by 36
Jackson, M. I., Waldy, C., & Jewell, D. E. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0241037 · Cited by 43
“Dietary RS consumption increases IgA in rats [66, 67], mice [68], and pigs [69], an effect that may be driven by SCFA production [70].”
BackgroundDynamic modulation of spleen germinal center reactions by gut bacteria during Plasmodium infection
Mandal, R. K., Denny, J. E., Namazzi, R., Opoka, R. O., Datta, D., John, C. C., & Schmidt, N. W. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109094 · Cited by 37
Gut microbiota shape B cell in health and disease settings
Yu, B., Wang, L., & Chu, Y. (2021) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1002/jlb.1mr0321-660r · Cited by 36
Pro- and Anti- Effects of Immunoglobulin A- Producing B Cell in Tumors and Its Triggers
Zhong, Z., Nan, K., Weng, M., Yue, Y., Zhou, W., Wang, Z., Chu, Y., Liu, R., & Miao, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.765044 · Cited by 37
“IL-10 upregulates the expression of AID and triggers the induction of SHM and CSR from IgM to IgA, which may mediate tumor progression (20, 33).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Role of IgA in the Manifestation and Prevention of Allergic Immune Responses
Scheurer, S., Junker, A., He, C., Schülke, S., & Toda, M. (2023) · Current Allergy and Asthma Reports · doi:10.1007/s11882-023-01105-x · Cited by 38
Do the Microbiota Influence Vaccines and Protective Immunity to Pathogens?Preprint
Collins, N., & Belkaid, Y. (2017) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a028860 · Cited by 37
“…of the immune system occurs via numerous mechanisms, including the generation of metabolites that activate lymphocytes or antigen-presenting cells, the activation of the inflammasome in innate cell populations, and by directly acting on epithelial cells (Belkaid and Hand 2014; Kim et al. 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialLi, Y., Liangjie, Z., Hou, M., Gao, T., Sun, J., Luo, H., Wang, F., Zhong, F., Ma, A., & Cai, J. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14081668 · Cited by 34
“It was reported that short-chain fatty acids also appeared to be involved in intestinal immunity [32].”
BackgroundZeng, G., You, D., Ye, L., Wu, Y., Shi, H., Lin, J., Jiang, Z., & Wei, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1075877 · Cited by 34
Unraveling the mysteries of plasma cells
Schuh, W., Mielenz, D., & Jäck, H. (2020) · Advances in immunology · doi:10.1016/bs.ai.2020.01.002 · Cited by 38
Metabolic regulation mechanism of fucoidan via intestinal microecology in diseases
Sun, T., Xue, M., Yang, J., Pei, Z., Zhang, N., Qin, K., & Liang, H. W. (2021) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.11202 · Cited by 35
Arslanova, A., Tarasova, A., Alexandrova, A., Novoselova, V., Shaidullov, I. F., Khusnutdinova, D. R., Grigoryeva, T. V., Рашидовна, Я. Д., Yakovleva, O. V., & Ситдикова, Г. Ф. (2021) · Life · doi:10.3390/life11080764 · Cited by 34
“Moreover, gut microbiota metabolites such as short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and bile acids are important in supporting immune homeostasis both within the gut and all over the body [69].”
BackgroundBorbet, T. C., Pawline, M. B., Li, J., Ho, M. L., Yin, Y. S., Zhang, X., Novikova, E., Jackson, K., Mullins, B. J., Ruiz, V. E., et al. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.106810 · Cited by 34
“SCFAs support B cell differentiation of plasma cells in mice, indicating the potential involvement of microbial metabolites in regulating germinal center responses.(46) In other studies, antibiotic exposure before weaning lowered antibody titers in mice vaccinated with mycobacterial (Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine),…”
ResultB lymphocytes, the gastrointestinal tract and autoimmunity
Zouali, M. (2021) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102777 · Cited by 32
Reciprocal regulation of IgA and the gut microbiota: a key mutualism in the intestine
Takeuchi, T., & Ohno, H. (2021) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/dxab049 · Cited by 35
Zhao, H., Wang, D., Zhang, Z., Xian, J., & Bai, X. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27154799 · Cited by 36
“At the same time, they are the energy reservoir of colonocytes and immune cells, supporting immune cells activation and functional maturation [24].”
BackgroundKundu, S., Nayak, S., Rakshit, D., Singh, T., Shukla, R., Khatri, D. K., & Mishra, A. (2023) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.15767 · Cited by 36
“They promote immunoglobulin production by regulating β lymphocytes [25,26].”
Gut microbiota-derived metabolites and colorectal cancer: New insights and updates
Mohseni, A. H., Taghinezhad‐S, S., & Fu, X. (2020) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104569 · Cited by 32
Jacob, E. M., Borah, A., Pillai, S. C., & Kumar, D. S. (2020) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano10122460 · Cited by 32
Microbiome and Metabolomics in Liver Cancer: Scientific Technology
Ganesan, R., Yoon, S. J., & Suk, K. T. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24010537 · Cited by 34
Peng-fei, X., Lv, T., Dong, S., Cui, Z., Luo, X., Jia, B., Jeon, C. O., & Zhang, J. (2022) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2022.04.006 · Cited by 33
Short-chain fatty acid – A critical interfering factor for allergic diseases
Liu, Y., Liu, J., Du, M., Hu, Y., Shi, R., Shi, Y., Zhang, S., Zhao, Y., & Lan, J. (2023) · Chemico-Biological Interactions · doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110739 · Cited by 37
Williams, L. M., & Cao, S. (2024) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108605 · Cited by 33
Cheng, Y., Tang, S., Huang, Y., Liang, F., Fang, Y., Pan, S., Wu, T., & Xu, X. (2020) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d0fo01119c · Cited by 31
How Changes in the Nutritional Landscape Shape Gut Immunometabolism
Tan, J., Ni, D., Ribeiro, R. V., Pinget, G. V., & Macia, L. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13030823 · Cited by 29
“This raise of energy production might explain the activation of mTOR in these cells, which promotes glycolysis to provide the energy necessary for plasma cell differentiation and their production of IgA and immunoglobulin G (IgG) [208].”
BackgroundWei, D., Ma, P., Fan, Q., Yu, H.-C., Peng, Y., & Li, X. (2021) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2021.114729 · Cited by 32
Lu, J., Jin, X., Yang, S., Li, Y., Wang, X., & Wu, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.1034537 · Cited by 33
“Thirdly, it can also upregulate the three important metabolic processes of glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and fat metabolism in B cells, promote the differentiation of B cells into plasma B cells, and increase IgA and IgG expression (Kim et al., 2016).”
BackgroundLab-on-chip technologies for exploring the gut–immune axis in metabolic disease
Wheeler, A., Stoeger, V., & Owens, R. M. (2024) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/d3lc00877k · Cited by 30
Gut microbiota reshapes the TNBC immune microenvironment: Emerging immunotherapeutic strategies
Huang, M., Zhang, Y., Chen, Z., Yu, X., Luo, S., Peng, X., & Li, X. (2025) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107726 · Cited by 31
Xiao, L., Engen, P. A., Leusink-Muis, T., van Ark, I., Stahl, B., Overbeek, S. A., Garssen, J., Naqib, A. D., Green, S. J., Keshavarzian, A., et al. (2019) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxz006 · Cited by 31
“SCFAs are known to have immunomodulatory effects on various cell types, including B cells (11), DCs (12), and T cells (13).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialInvariant NKT Cells Functionally Link Microbiota-Induced Butyrate Production and Joint Inflammation
Lee, S., Koh, J., Chang, Y., Kim, H. Y., & Chung, D. H. (2019) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1801314 · Cited by 33
“The diets were generated according to a previous report (29).”
MethodThe Wanderings of Gut-Derived IgA Plasma Cells: Impact on Systemic Immune Responses
Keppler, S. J., Goess, M. C., & Heinze, J. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.670290 · Cited by 32
“Especially the SCFA butyrate and propionate have been described as either supporting or suppressing the generation of IgA PC (63, 71).”
BackgroundAssociation between Gut Microbiota and SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccine Immunogenicity
Ng, H. Y., Leung, W. K., & Cheung, K. S. (2023) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms11020452 · Cited by 30
“Examples include SCFAs and secondary bile acids, the former of which have been shown to be able to increase oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, and fatty acid synthesis for energy production in B cells [70], while the latter was suggested to be negatively correlated with inflammatory signatures in the influenza vac…”
Links between fecal microbiota and the response to vaccination against influenza A virus in pigs
Borey, M., Blanc, F., Lemonnier, G., Leplat, J. J. J. J., Jardet, D., Rossignol, M., Ravon, L., Billon, Y., Bernard, M., Estellé, J., et al. (2021) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-021-00351-2 · Cited by 33
Gut microbiota is associated with bone mineral density
Cheng, B., Wen, Y. F., Yang, X., Cheng, S., Liu, L., Chu, X., Ye, J., Liang, C., Yao, Y., Jia, Y., et al. (2021) · Bone and Joint Research · doi:10.1302/2046-3758.1011.bjr-2021-0181.r1 · Cited by 30
Immunization of preterm infants: current evidence and future strategies to individualized approaches
Fortmann, M. I., Dirks, J., Goedicke‐Fritz, S., Liese, J. G., Zemlin, M., Morbach, H., & Härtel, C. (2022) · Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/s00281-022-00957-1 · Cited by 37
Wang, A., Li, Q., Sun, Z., Zhang, D., & Ma, X. (2023) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109370 · Cited by 30
The metabolic plasticity of B cells
Vivas, Y., & Efeyan, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2022.991188 · Cited by 28
“However, the energetic dependence on exogenous FA has been observed in intestinal PC (Kunisawa et al., 2015; Kim et al., 2016) and B1 B cells (Clarke et al.”
BackgroundAlhasan, M. M., Hölsken, O., Duerr, C. U., Helfrich, S., Branzk, N., Philipp, A., Leitz, D. H. W., Duerr, J., Almousa, Y., Barrientos, G., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.202350394 · Cited by 28
Enriquez, A. B., ten-Caten, F., Ghneim, K., Sékaly, R., & Sharma, A. (2023) · Annual Review of Virology · doi:10.1146/annurev-virology-040323-082822 · Cited by 29
Zhang, P.-F., & Xie, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1362133 · Cited by 29
“Bacterial SCFAs, such as acetate (C2), propionate (C3), butyrate (C4) and valerate (C5), play key roles in regulating anticancer immunity and cancer immune surveillance (145).”
BackgroundAntibiotic-induced gut microbiome perturbation alters the immune responses to the rabies vaccine
Feng, Y., de Jong, S. E., Oliveira, A. P. B. N., Samaha, H., Yang, F., Hu, M., Wang, Y., Beydoun, N., Xie, X., Zhang, H., et al. (2025) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2025.03.015 · Cited by 31
Hersi, F., Elgendy, S. M., Shamma, S. A. A., Altell, R. T., Sadiek, O., & Omar, H. A. (2022) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120573 · Cited by 29
Waide, M. L., Polidoro, R. B., Powell, W. L., Denny, J. E., Kos, J. T., Tieri, D. A., Watson, C. T., & Schmidt, N. W. (2020) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108503 · Cited by 30
“Previous studies have also shown a role for Toll-like receptor 5 sensing of gut bacteria-derived flagellin and microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids on plasma cell development and the antibody response to the trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine and Citrobacter rodentium infection, respectively (Oh et…”
The role of the early-life gut microbiome in childhood asthma
Boulund, U., Thorsen, J., Trivedi, U., Tranæs, K., Jiang, J., Shah, S. A., & Stokholm, J. (2025) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2025.2457489 · Cited by 30
Short-chain fatty acids: key antiviral mediators of gut microbiota
Xu, Z., Wang, T., Wang, Y., Li, Y., Sun, Y., & Qiu, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1614879 · Cited by 37
“In peripheral blood, the majority of SCFAs is acetate (33, 34), and the molar ratio of acetate, propionate and butyrate in human peripheral blood is 91: 5: 4, as described previously (27).”
Mercer, K. E., Yeruva, L., Pack, L., Graham, J. L., Stanhope, K. L., Chintapalli, S. V., Wankhade, U. D., Shankar, K., Havel, P. J., Adams, S. H., et al. (2020) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00105.2020 · Cited by 27
Golonka, R. M., & Vijay–Kumar, M. (2020) · Advances in cancer research · doi:10.1016/bs.acr.2020.10.004 · Cited by 28
Overview of the microbiota in the gut-liver axis in viral B and C hepatitis
Neag, M. A., Mitre, A. O., Cătinean, A., & Buzoianu, A. D. (2021) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v27.i43.7446 · Cited by 27
Microbiome in cancer: An exploration of carcinogenesis, immune responses and immunotherapy
Zhou, P., Hu, Y., Wang, X., Shen, L., Liao, X., Zhu, Y., Yu, J., Zhao, F., Zhou, Y., Shen, H., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.877939 · Cited by 31
Yu, T., Yang, W., Yao, S., Yu, Y., Wakamiya, M., Golovko, G., & Cong, Y. (2023) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1093/ibd/izac268 · Cited by 27
Vai, A., Noberini, R., Ghirardi, C., de Paula, D. R., Carminati, M., Pallavi, R., Araújo, N. V. P., Varga‐Weisz, P., & Bonaldi, T. (2024) · Molecular & Cellular Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.mcpro.2024.100799 · Cited by 26
“Therefore, antibiotic treatment should decrease the formation of acyl-CoAs and, consequently, the level of histone acylations, as reported in (52 – 54).”
Chen, H., Li, H., & Liu, Z. (2020) · Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology · doi:10.1177/1756284820935188 · Cited by 29
Chac, D., Bhuiyan, T. R., Saha, A., Alam, M. M., Salma, U., Jahan, N., Chowdhury, F., Khan, A. I., Ryan, E. T., LaRocque, R. C., et al. (2021) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00217-21 · Cited by 27
Wu, Y., Nie, C., Luo, R., Qi, F., Bai, X., Chen, H., Niu, J., Chen, C., & Zhang, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.813245 · Cited by 28
Onisiforou, A., & Spyrou, G. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.843128 · Cited by 25
“Frontiers in Immunology 16 result in defective pathogen-specific antibody responses (89).”
BackgroundHong, S. (2023) · The Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s12275-023-00044-6 · Cited by 26
Xia, M., Li, C., Wu, D., Wu, F., Kong, L., Jia, Z., Han, W., Chen, S., Fang, W., Liu, Y., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2024.1361908 · Cited by 26
Impact of gut microbiota on immune system
Riazi‐Rad, F., Behrouzi, A., Mazaheri, H., Katebi, A., & Ajdary, S. (2021) · Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica · doi:10.1556/030.2021.01532 · Cited by 26
Lyu, Z., Yu, T., Zhang, L., Xu, X., Zhang, Y., Li, J., Li, Z., Zhang, W., & Hou, S. (2021) · Synthetic and Systems Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.synbio.2021.11.002 · Cited by 26
“SCFA has the functions of sterilization, bacteriostasis, and provide energy for host antibodies to improve immunity [37,38].”
BackgroundDeehan, E. C., Duar, R. M., Armet, A. M., Pérez-Muñoz, M. E., Jin, M., & Walter, J. (2018) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555819705.ch20 · Cited by 28
Cheung, K. S., Lam, L.-K., Zhang, R., Ooi, P. H., Tan, J. T., To, E. W.-P., Hui, C.-H., Chan, K., Seto, W., Hung, I. F., et al. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10071122 · Cited by 25
“, acetate, butyrate and propionate, also play a role in homeostatic and pathogen-specific antibody response [30].”
BackgroundMicrobial metabolites and immunotherapy: Basic rationale and clinical indications
Kovtonyuk, L. V., & McCoy, K. D. (2023) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2023.101755 · Cited by 25
Lipid metabolism in regulation of B cell development and autoimmunity
Ji, X., Wu, L., Marion, T. N., & Luo, Y. (2023) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.06.008 · Cited by 25
Wang, S., Xu, B., Zhang, Y., Chen, G., Zhao, P., Gao, Q., & Yuan, L. (2023) · Cancer Biology and Medicine · doi:10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2023.0376 · Cited by 24
“SCFAs promote the secretion of IL-10 in Th1 cells and increase acetyl coenzyme A levels together with mitochondrial mass in B cells, thereby promoting palmitic acid synthesis and increasing cellular metabolism to support B cell activation and antibody production via the mTOR pathway 27,28 .”
BackgroundLiu, Y., Chen, N., Li, D., Li, H., Fang, Z., Lin, Y., Xu, S., Feng, B., Zhuo, Y., Wu, D., et al. (2020) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/skaa303 · Cited by 25
The significance of gut microbiota in the etiology of autoimmune hepatitis: a narrative review
Sun, C., Zhu, D., Zhu, Q., He, Z., Lou, Y., & Chen, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2024.1337223 · Cited by 26
“It has been revealed that administration of SCFAs mixture increases the expression of IgA or the levels of IgA secreted in various intestine regions, as well as the levels of IgA and immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the blood circulation (Kim et al., 2016).”
BackgroundAdvances in the mechanism of action of short-chain fatty acids in psoriasis
Zhang, Q., Zhao, L., Li, Y., Wang, S., Lu, G., & Wang, H. (2024) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112928 · Cited by 24
Optimising vaccine immunogenicity in ageing populations: key strategies
Jiang, G., Zou, Y., Zhao, D., & Yu, J. (2024) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(24)00497-3 · Cited by 27
Schütz, B., Krause, F. F., Taudte, R. V., Zaiss, M. M., Luu, M., & Visekruna, A. (2025) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.202451594 · Cited by 29
“SCFAs represent a major class of gut microbiota-derived metabolites, playing a pivotal role in communicating with the host immune system by inducing differentiation of Foxp3 + Tregs in lamina propria and promoting the production of mucosal IgA antibodies [26–29].”
Triff, K., McLean, M. W., Callaway, E. S., Goldsby, J. S., Ivanov, I. V., & Chapkin, R. S. (2018) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.31525 · Cited by 24
Microbiota-mediated mucosal inflammation in arthritis
Chriswell, M. E., & Kuhn, K. A. (2019) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1016/j.berh.2020.101492 · Cited by 23
Do Engineered Nanomaterials Affect Immune Responses by Interacting With Gut Microbiota?
Tang, M., Li, S., Wei, L., Hou, Z., Qu, J. T., & Li, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.684605 · Cited by 25
Pallozzi, M., Tommaso, N. D., Maccauro, V., Santopaolo, F., Gasbarrini, A., Ponziani, F. R., & Pompili, M. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14194631 · Cited by 27
Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids Boost Antitumoral Natural Killer Cell Activity
Pérez, M., Buey, B., Sánchez‐Corral, P., Giraldos, D., & Latorre, E. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13133885 · Cited by 24
“SCFAs have also shown critical effects on immune cell migration and apoptosis [11], inflammasome responses [12], and antibody production [13].”
The Interplay of Nutrition, the Gut Microbiota and Immunity and Its Contribution to Human Disease
Dawson, S. L., Todd, E., & Ward, A. C. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13020329 · Cited by 26
“Treg differentiation and homeostasis are also regulated by SCFAs [51,52] and bile metabolites [53], while SCFAs are also important for sustaining B cell metabolism that underpins antibody production [54].”
Sun, Y., Guan, Y., Khoo, H. E., & Li, X. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.778563 · Cited by 24
“The substances also effectively promote the growth of intestinal microflora and increase short-chain fatty acid levels (9, 10).”
BackgroundRole of Gut Microbiota in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Wu, P., Zhu, T., Tan, Z. Y. A., Chen, S., & Fang, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.812303 · Cited by 23
Liu, B., Qiao, W., Zhang, M., Liu, Y., Zhao, J., & Chen, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.970685 · Cited by 23
“Gut microbial SCFAs were reported to increase host antibody responses (23), and regulating the immune response and inflammation (24).”
BackgroundNakamura, Y., Metea, C., Llorenç, V., Karstens, L., Balter, A. I., & Lin, P. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-37062-8 · Cited by 23
Lee, J. Y., Yoon, J. H., An, S. H., Cho, I. H., Lee, C. W., Jeon, Y. J., Joo, S. S., Ban, B. C., Lee, J.-Y., Jung, H. J., et al. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13142380 · Cited by 28
Self-citationRay, S., Narayanan, A., Vesterbacka, J., Blennow, O., Chen, P., Gao, Y., Gabarrini, G., Ljunggren, H., Buggert, M., Manoharan, L., et al. (2023) · npj Biofilms and Microbiomes · doi:10.1038/s41522-023-00461-w · Cited by 23
“SCFAs also regulate T-cell metabolism and can augment B-cell metabolism, enhancing pathogen-speci fi c antibody responses 78,79 .”
Classical methods and perspectives for manipulating the human gut microbial ecosystem
Avalos, J. A. J., Arrevillaga-Boni, G., González‐López, L., García-Carvajal, Z. Y., & González‐Ávila, M. (2020) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2020.1724075 · Cited by 23
Chen, L., Li, B., Zu, M., Reis, R. L., Kundu, S. C., & Xiao, B. (2025) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2025.06.012 · Cited by 23
Dietary regulation of the SIgA-gut microbiota interaction
Han, X., Guo, J., Qin, Y., Huang, W., You, Y., & Zhan, J. (2022) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2022.2031097 · Cited by 22
Metadata
- Authors
- Kim, M., Qie, Y., Park, J., & Kim, C. H.
- Affiliations
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kim, Chang H.
- Venue
- Cell Host & Microbe
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-08
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 202-214
- ISSN
- 1931-3128 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4982788
- OpenAlex
- W2491805933
- Cited by
- 893
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 92 · 2025: 129 · 2024: 110 · 2023: 110 · 2022: 107 · 2021: 106 · 2020: 90 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 8
- FWCI
- 25.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell Host & Microbe (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Multiple Sclerosis Society
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research
- National Institutes of Health
- National Cancer Institute (P30CA023168)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI121302, R01AI080769, R01AI074745)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK076616)
- National Center for Research Resources (S10RR028293)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Microbial Metabolites in Food Biotechnology
- Keywords
- short-chain fatty acids, gut microbiota, antibody production, B cells, dietary fiber, acetyl-CoA, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, fatty acid synthesis, plasma cell differentiation, immunodeficiency, microbial metabolites
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Antibody Formation, B-Lymphocytes, Cell Differentiation, Dietary Fiber, Fatty Acids, Volatile, Fermentation, Gene Expression Regulation, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Gastrointestinal Tract, Metabolic Networks and Pathways
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
