Calorie for Calorie, Dietary Fat Restriction Results in More Body Fat Loss than Carbohydrate Restriction in People with Obesity
Open accessAbstract
Dietary carbohydrate restriction has been purported to cause endocrine adaptations that promote body fat loss more than dietary fat restriction. We selectively restricted dietary carbohydrate versus fat for 6 days following a 5-day baseline diet in 19 adults with obesity confined to a metabolic ward where they exercised daily. Subjects received both isocaloric diets in random order during each of two inpatient stays. Body fat loss was calculated as the difference between daily fat intake and net fat oxidation measured while residing in a metabolic chamber. Whereas carbohydrate restriction led to sustained increases in fat oxidation and loss of 53 ± 6 g/day of body fat, fat oxidation was unchanged by fat restriction, leading to 89 ± 6 g/day of fat loss, and was significantly greater than carbohydrate restriction (p = 0.002). Mathematical model simulations agreed with these data, but predicted that the body acts to minimize body fat differences with prolonged isocaloric diets varying in carbohydrate and fat.
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In a controlled metabolic study conducted under isocaloric and tightly regulated dietary conditions, low-carbohydrate was associated with higher fat oxidation and lower insulin concentrations, whereas low-fat resulted in greater adipose tissue loss, with minimal differences in total body mass loss.
“In a controlled metabolic study conducted under isocaloric and tightly regulated dietary conditions, LC was associated with higher fat oxidation and lower insulin concentrations, whereas LF resulted in greater adipose tissue loss. Differences in total body mass loss were minimal [47].”
From Dietary and Behavioral Strategies for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [47]
In a very short but tightly controlled metabolic study with isocaloric diets with different macronutrient distributions, there were no differences in weight loss.
“In a very short but tightly controlled metabolic study with isocaloric diets with different macronutrient distributions, there were no differences in weight loss [47].”
From Dietary and Behavioral Strategies for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [47]
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BackgroundMethodInfluentialFat, Carbohydrate, Salt, and Weight Loss
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“A mechanistic mathematical model of human macronutrient metabolism (Hall, 2010) was used to design the study and predict the metabolic response to each diet before the studywas conducted (Hall, 2012).”
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BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
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Barnard, N. D., Goldman, D., Loomis, J. F., Kahleová, H., Levin, S., Neabore, S., & Batts, T. C. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11010130 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
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“clinical investigations to date have also failed to show the expected decrease in the most relevant clinical marker, body fat.(16,17) While these data collectively have been taken as evidence of experimental falsification of the model, it can be argued that the principal mecha-”
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“In a more recent study, Hall et al (2015) enrolled 19 participants (mean BMI 35.9) who each undertook an isocaloric (1918kcals/day) restricted carbohydrate (RC) (20.9% protein/50.1% fat/29% carbohydrate) and restricted fat (RF) (21.1% protein/7.7% fat/71.2% carbohydrate) diet for 6 days at a time…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe Impact of Free Sugar on Human Health—A Narrative Review
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“Studies that found improved weight loss after reduced fat intake often had the limitation of failing to classify the type of carbohydrates consumed [102,105].”
BackgroundKetogenic diets, physical activity and body composition: a review
Ashtary‐Larky, D., Bagheri, R., Bavi, H., Baker, J. S., Moro, T., Mancin, L., & Paoli, A. (2021) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114521002609 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“showed a trend for a greater degree of negative energy balance during a fat-reducing diet compared with an isoenergetic carbohydratereducing diet, but this was not statistically significant(147).”
BackgroundTrepanowski, J. F., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2018) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmy014 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“For these questions, trials can be performed that involve continuous direct observation of participants in in-house settings (87, 88).”
Glucose and Lipid Homeostasis and Inflammation in Humans Following an Isocaloric Ketogenic Diet
ROSENBAUM, M. S., Hall, K. D., Guo, J., Ravussin, É., Mayer, L. S., Reitman, M. L., Smith, S. R., Walsh, B. T., & Leibel, R. L. (2019) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22468 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“Previous studies of body composition and energy expenditure during study indicate that magnitude of this negative energy balance was approximately 60 kcal/d (43).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMiketinas, D. C., Bray, G. A., Beyl, R. A., Ryan, D. H., Sacks, F. M., & Champagne, C. M. (2019) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxz117 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Plant-Based Diets in the Reduction of Body Fat: Physiological Effects and Biochemical Insights
Najjar, R. S., & Feresin, R. G. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11112712 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
The evolution of the human trophic level during the Pleistocene
Ben‐Dor, M., Sirtoli, R., & Barkai, R. (2021) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.24247 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“The most energy-dense macronutrient is fat (9.4 kcals/g), compared with protein (4.7 kcals/g) and carbohydrates (3.7 kcals/g) (Hall et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialCoelho, M. D. F. R., Monteyne, A. J., Dunlop, M. V., Harris, H. C., Morrison, D. J., Stephens, F. B., & Wall, B. T. (2019) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuz077 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Fat‐to‐muscle ratio as a predictor of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in Korean adults
Seo, Y., Song, H. J., & Song, Y. R. (2020) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12548 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“Moreover, dietary fat restriction results in greater loss of body fat than does carbohydrate restriction in people with obesity.(57) Therefore, in this study, it is expected that fat intake would have played a major role in the increase in FMR, even considering the influence of other factors.”
BackgroundSystems biology of personalized nutrition
van Ommen, B., van den Broek, T., de Hoogh, I. M., van Erk, M., van Someren, E. P., Rankouhi, T. R., Anthony, J. C., Hogenelst, K., Pasman, W. J., Boorsma, A., et al. (2017) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nux029 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“For example, in the area of weight control, these modeling methods can range from simple logic (“I want to lose weight, so I will consume less calories”) to multiparameter mathematical models.(172) If mechanisms are not known or only partly known, models”
Randomized controlled trial for time-restricted eating in overweight and obese young adults
Zhang, L., Liu, Z., Wang, J., Li, R., Ren, J.-Y., Gao, X., Lv, S., Liang, L., Zhang, F., Yin, B., et al. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.104870 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
A review of the carbohydrate–insulin model of obesity
Hall, K. D. (2017) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2016.260 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citationMihaylova, M. M., Chaix, A., Delibegović, M., Ramsey, J. J., Bass, J. T., Melkani, G. C., Singh, R., Chen, Z., Ja, W. W., Shirasu-Hiza, M., et al. (2023) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2023.06.008 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
The Role of Exercise, Diet, and Cytokines in Preventing Obesity and Improving Adipose Tissue
ATAKAN, M. M., Koşar, Ş. N., Güzel, Y., Tin, H. T., & Yan, X. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13051459 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“…design;12 weeks Highest decreases in REE and TEE with LFD. Leptin level was highest in the LFD and lowest in the VLCD. HDL was highest in VLCD and lowest in LFD. [159] 4 Hall et al. 2015 Isocaloric reduced fat diet orreduced CHO diet Obese adults Mean age: 35.4 ± 1.74 y BMI: 35.9 ± 1.1…”
BackgroundInfluentialStanhope, K. L., Goran, M. I., Bosy‐Westphal, A., King, J. C., Schmidt, L. A., Schwarz, J., Stice, E. M., Sylvetsky, A. C., Turnbaugh, P. J., Bray, G. A., et al. (2018) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12699 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“The results showed that calorie for calorie, the high-CHO weight loss diet led to greater body fat loss than the high-fat diet, despite the fact it was the high-fat diet that led to decreased insulin secretion (183).”
BackgroundGenetic evidence that carbohydrate-stimulated insulin secretion leads to obesity
Astley, C. M., Todd, J. N., Salem, R. M., Vedantam, S., Ebbeling, C. B., Huang, P. L., Ludwig, D. S., Hirschhorn, J. N., & Florez, J. C. (2018) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2017.280727 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Paoli, A., Bianco, A., Moro, T., Mota, J. F., & Coelho‐Ravagnani, C. D. F. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15143120 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Williams, K. J., & Wu, X. (2016) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.02.004 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“Calories in, calories out” and macronutrient intake: the hope, hype, and science of calories
Howell, S. L., & KONES, R. J. (2017) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00156.2017 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“(12) randomly assigned 19 obese female and male subjects to either a diet with a 30% calorie restriction from CHO or a diet with 30% calorie restriction from fats.”
MethodChen, K. Y., Smith, S. R., Ravussin, É., Krakoff, J. A., Plasqui, G., Tanaka, S., Murgatroyd, P. R., Brychta, R. J., Bock, C., Carnero, E. Á., et al. (2020) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22928 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“The purpose of this run-in phase is to minimize the impact of variations in these parameters on energy stores, EE, and substrate oxidation (73).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRizzo, M. J., & Whitman, G. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139061810 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Matsui, S., Sasaki, T., Kohno, D., Yaku, K., Inutsuka, A., Yokota-Hashimoto, H., Kikuchi, O., Suga, T., Kobayashi, M., Yamanaka, A., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07033-z · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Low Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets: What We Don’t Know and Why We Should Know It
Seid, H., & Rosenbaum, M. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11112749 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Some studies reported greater weight loss on a low carbohydrate diet [59], or low-fat diet [60] while others reported no significant differences [46,61].”
BackgroundVeum, V. L., Laupsa‐Borge, J., Eng, Ø., Rostrup, E., Larsen, T. H., Nordrehaug, J. E., Nygard, O. K., Sagen, J. V., Gudbrandsen, O. A., Dankel, S. N., et al. (2016) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.123463 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Carbohydrates, insulin, and obesity
Speakman, J. R., & Hall, K. D. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aav0448 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationBell, K., Shaw, J. E., Maple-Brown, L., Ferris, W., Gray, S., Murfet, G., Flavel, R., Maynard, B., Ryrie, H., Pritchard, B., et al. (2020) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108188 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“[37] Hall KD, Bemis T, Brychta R, Chen KY, Courville A, Crayner EJ, et al.”
BackgroundZhang, S., Wu, P., Tian, Y., Liu, B., Huang, L., Liu, Z., Lin, N., Xu, N., Ruan, Y., Zhang, Z., et al. (2021) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.00223-21 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“in recent years, although the ratios of macronutrients to LCD have not yet been standardized (10, 11).”
BackgroundWhen fat meets the gut—focus on intestinal lipid handling in metabolic health and disease
Wit, M., Viera, J. T., Strohmeyer, A., Klingenspor, M., Hankir, M. K., & Sumara, G. (2022) · EMBO Molecular Medicine · doi:10.15252/emmm.202114742 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Personalized dietary management of overweight and obesity based on measures of insulin and glucose
Hjorth, M. F., Zohar, Y., Hill, J. O., & Astrup, A. (2018) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-082117-051606 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Paoli, A., Mancin, L., Caprio, M., Monti, E., Narici, M. V., Cenci, L., Piccini, F., Pincella, M., Grigoletto, D., & Marcolin, G. (2021) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-021-00459-9 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
A Clinical Perspective of Low Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diets: A Narrative Review
Sukkar, S. G., & Muscaritoli, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.642628 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“However, despite the theory of the insulin carbohydrate model, clinical trials that compared LCD with low fat-isoproteic diets (LFD) reported similar weight loss (2, 3) and fat loss higher when lipid intake but not carbohydrates are reduced (4).”
BackgroundCohort Profile: The Saguenay Youth Study (SYS)
Pausová, Z., Paus, T., Abrahamowicz, M., Bernard, M., Gaudet, D., Leonard, G. T., Peron, M., Pike, G. B., Richer, L., Séguin, J. R., et al. (2016) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyw023 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Perspective: Defining Carbohydrate Quality for Human Health and Environmental Sustainability
Schulz, R., & Slavin, J. L. (2021) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmab050 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“One such study, utilizing carefully controlled, randomized, inpatient feeding, did not show the expected results of decreased carbohydrate intake, such as increased physical activity and thus lower body weight as was supposed with this “carbohydrate-insulin model,” suggesting that something else is at play besides car…”
BackgroundEffects of Mogrosides on High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obesity and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice
Zhang, X., Song, Y., Ding, Y., Wang, W., Liao, L., Zhong, J., Sun, P., Fan, L., Zhang, Y., & Xie, W. (2018) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules23081894 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Individuals with obesity and NAFLD often consume a high proportion of fat [5,6].”
BackgroundOh, R., Gilani, B., & Uppaluri, K. R. (2019) · StatPearls · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Ruminococcaceae_UCG-013 Promotes Obesity Resistance in Mice
Feng, J., Ma, H., Huang, Y., Li, J., & Li, W. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10123272 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Efficacy of Dietary and Supplementation Interventions for Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes
Lewgood, J., Oliveira, B., Korzepa, M., Forbes, S. C., Little, J. P., Breen, L., Bailie, R., & Candow, D. G. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13072378 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Macronutrient distribution varies among different approaches from very low-fat diets (about 21% protein, 8% fat and 71% carbohydrate) to low-carbohydrate diets (about 21% protein, 50% fat and 29% carbohydrate) [56].”
BackgroundLow-carbohydrate versus balanced-carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk
Naude, C. E., Brand, A., Schoonees, A., Nguyen, K. A., Chaplin, M., & Volmink, J. (2022) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013334.pub2 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Low-carbohydrate diets for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes
Hall, K., & Chung, S. (2018) · Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care · doi:10.1097/mco.0000000000000470 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationNutrients in Energy and One-Carbon Metabolism: Learning from Metformin Users
Luciano‐Mateo, F., Hernández‐Aguilera, A., Cabré, N., Camps, J., Fernández‐Arroyo, S., López‐Miranda, J., Menéndez, J. A., & Joven, J. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9020121 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Food restriction extends health and lifespan in some models [1], but what nutrients should be restricted and to what extent? Qualitative changes in the provision of dietary macronutrients induce metabolic and endocrine adaptations that are clinically relevant to the nutritional status of both, patients with low food a…”
BackgroundNon‐pharmacological interventions in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease patients
Ratziu, V. (2017) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/liv.13311 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Escaping Paternalism: Rationality, Behavioral Economics, and Public Policy
Rizzo, M. J., & Whitman, G. (2019) · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Kerns, J. C., Guo, J., Fothergill, E., Howard, L., Knuth, N. D., Brychta, R., Chen, K. Y., Skarulis, M. C., Walter, P. J., & Hall, K. D. (2017) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21986 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“REE measurements were available for all 16 participants in a single season of “The Biggest Loser” at the precompetition baseline, 10 participants at week 6 of the competition, 16 participants at week 30 of the competition, and 14 participants 6 years after the end of the competition.”
BackgroundInfluentialNew insights in the mechanisms of weight‐loss maintenance: Summary from a Pennington symposium
Flanagan, E. W., Spann, R. A., Berry, S. E., Berthoud, H., Broyles, S. T., Foster, G. D., Krakoff, J. A., Loos, R. J. F., Lowe, M. R., Ostendorf, D. M., et al. (2023) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23905 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Such studies demonstrate that low-carbohydrate diets have a negligible advantage over low-fat/high-carbohydrate diets for short-term weight loss [67].”
BackgroundSelf-citationHjorth, M. F., Christensen, L. H., Kjølbæk, L., Larsen, L. H., Roager, H. M., Kiilerich, P., Kristiansen, K., & Astrup, A. V. (2019) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-019-0466-1 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The regulation of healthspan and lifespan by dietary amino acids
Babygirija, R., & Lamming, D. (2021) · Translational Medicine of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.tma.2021.05.001 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Hopkins, M., Gibbons, C., Caudwell, P., Blundell, J. E., & Finlayson, G. (2016) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114516000775 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“While this 63 view has been strongly debated (3) , it has long been established that dietary 64 macronutrients exert a hierarchical effect on appetite-related processes such as satiety 65 and short-term food intake (4) .”
Hamdy, O., Tasabehji, M. W., Elseaidy, T., Tomah, S., Ashrafzadeh, S., & Mottalib, A. (2018) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-018-1103-4 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Do low-carbohydrate diets increase energy expenditure?
Hall, K. D., Guo, J., & Speakman, J. R. (2019) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-019-0456-3 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationSustainable Diets for Athletes
Meyer, N. L., Reguant-Closa, A., & Nemecek, T. (2020) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-020-00318-0 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Low‐carbohydrate high‐fat weight reduction diet induces changes in human gut microbiota
Jaagura, M., Viiard, E., Karu-Lavits, K., & Adamberg, K. (2021) · MicrobiologyOpen · doi:10.1002/mbo3.1194 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“LCHF is also very popular for the treatment of obesity due to its effectiveness when losing weight (Hall et al., 2015; Mansoor et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInduced and controlled dietary ketosis as a regulator of obesity and metabolic syndrome pathologies
Gibas, M. K., & Gibas, K. J. (2017) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2017.03.022 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Kim, H., & Song, S.-W. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11030628 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Hjorth, M. F., Bray, G. A., Zohar, Y., Urban, L. E., Miketinas, D. C., Williamson, D. A., Ryan, D. H., Rood, J. C., Champagne, C. M., Sacks, F. M., et al. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11030586 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Some have defended the more conventional low-fat/high-carbohydrate diet [1,2], whereas others point to a restriction in carbohydrates as being more effective [3].”
BackgroundThe role of dietary protein in obesity
Magkos, F. (2020) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-020-09576-3 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“[36], who conducted an inpatient (metabolic ward) cross-over study in 19 participants receiving a 30% calorie restriction from either fat or carbohydrate, each for 6 days, this premise is not necessarily correct.”
BackgroundValsdottir, T. D., Øvrebø, B., Falck, T. M., Litleskare, S., Johansen, E. I., Henriksen, C., & Jensen, J. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13010110 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Our results are in line with results from a highly controlled weight-loss study, although that study was of much shorter duration [67].”
ResultChoi, A. H., Delgado, M., Chen, K. Y., Chung, S. T., Courville, A. B., Turner, S. A., Yang, S. B., Airaghi, K. J., Dustin, I. M., McGurrin, P. M., et al. (2024) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-024-03603-5 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“…gas exchange was performed at screening and week 3 visits in the morning fasting state to derive resting energy expenditure, minute ventilations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in milliliters (V ̇ O 2 , V ̇ CO 2 ) and respiratory quotient (RQ, V ̇ CO 2 /V ̇ O 2 ), as previously described [41].”
MethodSelf-citationSasaki, T. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9101151 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Fat restriction was reported to reduce adiposity over the long term, but not body weight, compared to carbohydrate restriction [96].”
BackgroundVijayaraj, P., Nakagawa, H., & Yamaki, K. (2019) · Journal of food biochemistry · doi:10.1111/jfbc.12774 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Gut Microbiota Represent a Major Thermogenic Biomass
Riedl, R. A., Burnett, C. M.-L., Pearson, N. A., Reho, J. J., Mokadem, M., Edwards, R. A., Kindel, T. L., Kirby, J. R., & Grobe, J. L. (2021) · Function · doi:10.1093/function/zqab019 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Zhang, J., Du, W., Su, C., Ouyang, Y., Huang, F., Jia, X., Li, L., Bai, J., Zhang, B., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14010013 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“In their studies, the extra energy expenditure associated with an LC diet was much lower than the diet’s proponents claimed, and the effect waned over time [39,40].”
BackgroundRegulation of metabolic health by dietary histidine in mice
Flores, V., Spicer, A. B., Sonsalla, M. M., Richardson, N. E., Yu, D., Sheridan, G. E., Trautman, M. E., Babygirija, R., Cheng, E. P., Rojas, J. M., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp283261 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Multiple studies have found that calories from carbohydrates, fat, and protein all have unique effects on human metabolism (Hall et al., 2015; Fontana et al., 2016).”
BackgroundZhang, W., Tian, Z., Qi, X., Chen, P., Yang, Q., Guan, Q., Ye, J., & Yu, C. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-41291-2 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Diet Change Improves Obesity and Lipid Deposition in High-Fat Diet-Induced Mice
Ji, T., Fang, B., Wu, F., Liu, Y., Cheng, L., Li, Y., Wang, R., & Zhu, L. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15234978 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“A previous study in obese patients revealed that a low-fat diet resulted in weight loss of 8 kg in 6 months [8] and significantly restored obesity-related metabolic dysfunctions, including reduced visceral fat mass [9], improved glucose homeostasis, and hepatic ectopic fat deposition [10–12].”
BackgroundEffects of ketone bodies on energy expenditure, substrate utilization, and energy intake in humans
Fernández‐Verdejo, R., Mey, J. T., & Ravussin, É. (2023) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100442 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Thus, the majority of outpatient studies are deemed to be testing the effectiveness of diet prescriptions and behavioral interventions instead of the physiologic effect of altering dietary intake per se (58).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDeviations in energy sensing predict long-term weight change in overweight Native Americans
Basolo, A., Votruba, S. B., Heinitz, S., Krakoff, J. A., & Piaggi, P. (2018) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2017.12.013 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“[32] showed a greater body fat loss after restricting dietary fat as compared to carbohydrate, although total weight loss was higher with the carbohydrate restriction diet.”
BackgroundHjorth, M. F., Astrup, A. V., Zohar, Y., Urban, L. E., Sayer, R. D., Patterson, B. W., Herring, S. J., Klein, S., Zemel, B. S., Foster, G. D., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-018-0298-4 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Intermittent fasting for obesity and related disorders: unveiling myths, facts, and presumptions
Halpern, B., & Mendes, T. B. (2021) · Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.20945/2359-3997000000322 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Also, isocaloric studies performed in metabolic chambers demonstrate that the differences in weight loss and energy expenditure among different macronutrients are clinically negligible (26-28).”
BackgroundHoshino, D., Kitaoka, Y., & Hatta, H. (2016) · The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine · doi:10.7600/jpfsm.5.13 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Yang, S., Lin, S., Chang, J., & Chien, Y. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9101148 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“reported that fat restriction led to greater body fat loss than carbohydrate restriction in obese men [38].”
BackgroundDyńka, D., Kowalcze, K., Charuta, A., & Paziewska, A. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15204312 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“The claim that body weight can be reduced to a greater extent with fat restriction, citing a short-term study [14] is a misstatement.”
BackgroundRecommendations for Designing, Conducting, and Reporting Feeding Trials in Nutrition Research
Tien, D. S. Y., Hockey, M., So, D., Stanford, J., Clarke, E. D., Collins, C. E., & Staudacher, H. M. (2024) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100283 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“…whether access to kitchen facilities or minimum cooking skill requirements Effect of restricted carbohydrate vs. restricted fat on bodyweight [5] Effect of diet high in ultraprocessed foods on energy intake [6] Partial-domiciled Participants consume some or all meals at the research facility…”
BackgroundBreaking Bad and Breaking Good: β-Cell Autophagy Pathways in Diabetes
Vivot, K., Pasquier, A., Goginashvili, A., & Ricci, R. (2019) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2019.07.030 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Lima, L. M. T. R. (2017) · Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências · doi:10.1590/0001-3765201720160394 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Mandøe, M. J., Hansen, K. B., Windeløv, J. A., Knop, F. K., Rehfeld, J. F., ROSENKILDE, M. M., Holst, J. J., & Hansen, H. S. (2018) · Nutrition and Diabetes · doi:10.1038/s41387-017-0011-z · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Dischinger, U., Corteville, C., Otto, C., Faßnacht, M., Seyfried, F., & Hankir, M. K. (2019) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2019.04.008 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Guan, Y., Xue, L., Liu, J., Yang, Z., Nie, C., Yan, Y., Liu, S., Sun, J., Fan, M., et al. (2020) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d0fo02163f · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Ghrelin Plasma Levels After 1 Year of Ketogenic Diet in Children With Refractory Epilepsy
Marchiò, M., Roli, L., Lucchi, C., Costa, A., Borghi, M., Iughetti, L., Trenti, T., Guerra, A., & Biagini, G. (2019) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2019.00112 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“However, it has to be mentioned that also low carbohydrate high fat diets used for treatment of obesity have been found to modify ghrelin levels (23, 24).”
BackgroundQualls‐Creekmore, E., Marlatt, K. L., Aarts, E., Bruce‐Keller, A. J., Church, T., Clément, K., Fisher, J. O., Gordon‐Larsen, P., Morrison, C. D., Raybould, H. E., et al. (2020) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22806 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Another well-controlled, isocaloric diet further revealed that a diet low in dietary fat (high-carbohydrate) results in more fat loss (93).”
BackgroundYang, H., Li, C., Che, M., Li, Y., Feng, R., & Sun, C. (2023) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109318 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hall, K. D., Bemis, T., Brychta, R., Chen, K. Y., Courville, A., Crayner, E. J., Goodwin, S., Guo, J., Howard, L., Knuth, N. D., Miller, B. V., Prado, C. M., Siervo, M., Skarulis, M. C., Walter, M., Walter, P. J., & Yannai, L.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Towson University (US)
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hall, Kevin D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-09
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 427-436
- ISSN
- 1550-4131 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4603544
- OpenAlex
- W1934358478
- Cited by
- 280
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 16.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2015-09-01)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (ZIADK013036, ZIADK013037)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- obesity, dietary fat restriction, carbohydrate restriction, fat loss, fat oxidation, isocaloric diet, endocrine adaptation, energy balance
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Adult, Energy Intake, Diet, Reducing, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fats, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Biological, Obesity, Oxidation-Reduction, Diet, Fat-Restricted, Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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