Mental imagery of speech implicates two mechanisms of perceptual reactivation.
Open accessAbstract
Sensory cortices can be activated without any external stimuli. Yet, it is still unclear how this perceptual reactivation occurs and which neural structures mediate this reconstruction process. In this study, we employed fMRI with mental imagery paradigms to investigate the neural networks involved in perceptual reactivation. Subjects performed two speech imagery tasks: articulation imagery (AI) and hearing imagery (HI). We found that AI induced greater activity in frontal-parietal sensorimotor systems, including sensorimotor cortex, subcentral (BA 43), middle frontal cortex (BA 46) and parietal operculum (PO), whereas HI showed stronger activation in regions that have been implicated in memory retrieval: middle frontal (BA 8), inferior parietal cortex and intraparietal sulcus. Moreover, posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) and anterior superior temporal gyrus (aSTG) was activated more in AI compared with HI, suggesting that covert motor processes induced stronger perceptual reactivation in the auditory cortices. These results suggest that motor-to-perceptual transformation and memory retrieval act as two complementary mechanisms to internally reconstruct corresponding perceptual outcomes. These two mechanisms can serve as a neurocomputational foundation for predicting perceptual changes, either via a previously learned relationship between actions and their perceptual consequences or via stored perceptual experiences of stimulus and episodic or contextual regularity.
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Imagined articulation induced greater activity in a frontal-parietal sensorimotor system resembling a corollary discharge network, whereas imagined hearing primarily engaged lexico-semantic and episodic memory networks.
“They found that imagined articulation induced greater activity in a frontal-parietal sensorimotor system resembling a corollary discharge network, with activation encompassing regions involved articulation planning (inferior frontal, premotor, supplementary motor regions), forward model estimation (parietal somatosensory regions), and sound reconstruction (superior temporal regions). In contrast,”
From Bridging phenomenology and neural mechanisms of inner speech: ALE meta-analysis on egocentricity and spontaneity in a dual-mechanistic framework (2023) · cites this paper as Tian et al. (2016)
The Results (§3.4) report stronger frontal-parietal sensorimotor and superior temporal activity during articulation imagery than hearing imagery; the Discussion (§4) relates this pattern to motor simulation and somatosensory estimation. Hearing imagery showed greater activity in regions associated with memory retrieval, but the Discussion describes lexical-semantic and episodic roles as possible interpretations and says hearing imagery also recruits motor simulation. Thus, saying it primarily engaged those specific memory networks overstates the finding. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredALE meta-analysis enables verification of the distinct mechanisms of corollary discharge and perceptual simulation across a wider range of paradigms beyond Hurlburt et al. (2016) and Tian et al. (2016).
“More importantly, it enables us to verify the distinct mechanisms of corollary discharge and perceptual simulation across a wider range of paradigms beyond the studies by Hurlburt et al. (2016) and Tian et al. (2016).”
From Bridging phenomenology and neural mechanisms of inner speech: ALE meta-analysis on egocentricity and spontaneity in a dual-mechanistic framework (2023) · cites this paper as Tian et al. (2016)
The Discussion (page unavailable) says Tian et al. studied two complementary pathways for perceptual reactivation, so it supports the reference to an earlier study of distinct mechanisms. It identifies those pathways as motor-to-sensory transformation and memory retrieval, not specifically corollary discharge and perceptual simulation. The ALE meta-analysis is the citing authors’ proposed extension, not a method attributed to Tian et al. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe study by Tian et al. (2016) compared inner speaking (articulation imagery) and imagining someone else speaking (hearing imagery), but only single syllables were used, which is restrictive.
“Along the dialogality dimension, the study by Tian et al. (2016) compared inner speaking (articulation imagery) and imagining someone else speaking (hearing imagery), but only single syllables were used, which is restrictive.”
From The ConDialInt Model: Condensation, Dialogality, and Intentionality Dimensions of Inner Speech Within a Hierarchical Predictive Control Framework (2019) · cites this paper as Tian et al. (2016)
The results of Tian et al. (2016) are not sufficiently informative as to which neural networks are involved in less constrained inner speech (i.e., during full sentence production and with less attentional focus on articulatory sensation and auditory memory).
“These results are interesting but they are not sufficiently informative as to which neural networks are involved in less constrained inner speech (i.e., during full sentence production and with less attentional focus on articulatory sensation and auditory memory).”
From The ConDialInt Model: Condensation, Dialogality, and Intentionality Dimensions of Inner Speech Within a Hierarchical Predictive Control Framework (2019) · cites this paper as Tian et al. (2016)
Tian et al. (2016) did not report any right parietal activation during hearing imagery.
“The authors did not report any right parietal activation during hearing imagery.”
From The ConDialInt Model: Condensation, Dialogality, and Intentionality Dimensions of Inner Speech Within a Hierarchical Predictive Control Framework (2019) · cites this paper as Tian et al. (2016)
Mechanisms in addition to corollary discharge must be considered when modelling different forms of inner speech.
“This evidence (or the lack thereof) aligns with the argument made by Hurlburt et al. (2016), Tian et al. (2016) and in this paper, that mechanisms in addition to corollary discharge must be considered when modelling different forms of inner speech.”
From Bridging phenomenology and neural mechanisms of inner speech: ALE meta-analysis on egocentricity and spontaneity in a dual-mechanistic framework (2023) · cites this paper as Tian et al., 2016
Accepting the various proposed roles for inner speech in self-communication seems to entail a view of language as having a broader range of functionality than is allowed by conventional conduit views.
“Accepting the various proposed roles for IS in self-communication seems to entail a view of language as having a broader range of functionality than is allowed by conventional conduit views [39].”
From Inner speech as language process and cognitive tool (2023) · cites this paper as [39]
The Introduction and Discussion passages address neural mechanisms of imagined speech, not the proposed roles of inner speech in self-communication or a comparison with conduit views of language. Searches for those distinctive concepts found no passage in our copy that addresses the attributed claim; no page numbers were provided. (LLM, conf=0.72)
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“Linking to the question of whether IS includes an articulatory component, researchers have asked how its neural signatures associate selectively with activity in brain networks linked to speech production and auditory imagery [40].”
BackgroundInner speech is accompanied by a temporally-precise and content-specific corollary discharge
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“…the phenomenological variety of inner speech (Alder-son-Day et al., 2018; Grandchamp et al., 2019) and the suggestions of two underlying neural mechanisms (Hurlburt et al., 2016; Tian et al., 2016), the current paper aimed to unify phenomenology and neural mechanisms in a two-dimensional framework.”
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Common and distinct neural representations of imagined and perceived speech
Lu, L., Han, M., Zou, G., Zheng, L., & Gao, J.-H. (2023) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhac519 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Tian, X., Zarate, J. M., & Poeppel, D.
- Affiliations
- New York University Shanghai (CN)
- New York University (US)
- Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Tian, Xing
- Venue
- Cortex
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-04
- Volume
- 77
- Pages
- 1-12
- ISSN
- 0010-9452 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5357080
- OpenAlex
- W2237320994
- Cited by
- 178
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 8.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cortex (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- MURI ARO (54228-LS-MUR)
- GRAMMY Foundation
- Major Projects Program of the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission (STCSM) (15JC1400104)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (NIH 2R01DC 05660, 31500914)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Music Perception
- Keywords
- speech imagery, sensorimotor cortex, parietal operculum, posterior superior temporal sulcus, anterior superior temporal gyrus, memory retrieval, auditory cortex
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Auditory Cortex, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory, Speech, Speech Perception, Young Adult
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