Internet-based treatment of pathological gambling with a three-year follow-up
Open accessAbstract
Effective therapies for pathological gambling exist, but their use is limited to about 10% of the target population. In an attempt to lower the barriers for help, Internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy (ICBT) has been shown to be effective when delivered to a non-depressed sample with pathological gambling. This study sought to extend this finding to a larger, more representative population, and also test a model to predict responder status. Following advertisement, a total of 284 participants started an 8-week ICBT programme with minimal therapist contact via e-mail and weekly telephone calls of less than 15 min. The average time spent on each participant, including telephone conversations, e-mail, and administration, was 4 h. In addition to a mixed effects model to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment, two logistic regression analyses were performed with the following eight pre-defined response predictor variables: work-life satisfaction, primary gambling activity, debts due to gambling, social support, personal yearly salary, alcohol consumption, stage of change, and dissociative gambling. ICBT resulted in statistically significant reductions in the scores of pathological gambling, anxiety, and depression as well as an increase in quality of life compared to pre-treatment levels. Follow-ups carried out in the treatment group at 6, 18, and 36 months indicated that treatment effects were sustained. Using the eight predictor variable model rendered an acceptable predictive ability to identify responders both at post-test (AUC = .72, p < .01) and at 36-month follow-up (AUC = .70, p < .01). We conclude that ICBT for pathological gamblers, even if depressed, can be effective and that outcome can partly be predicted by pre-treatment characteristics.
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In the systematic review, quality of life was examined as a predictor of long-term outcomes in one study (Carlbring et al., 2012), and the table reports 0% of significant results.
“| Quality of life | Carlbring et al. (2012) | x | 1 | 0 % |”
From Predictors of outcomes of psychological treatments for disordered gambling: A systematic review (2016) · cites this paper as Carlbring et al. (2012)
The Methods (Predictor variables; page unavailable) identify work-life satisfaction, taken from one QOLI question, as a predictor—not overall quality of life. The Results (Prediction; page unavailable) report that no individual variable significantly predicted responder status at 36 months, supporting the table’s 0% figure for that work-life measure. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFive studies (15.2%) examined self-help treatments, and one study (3.0%) provided Internet-delivered self-help psychological treatment with minimal therapist involvement.
“Five studies (15.2%) examined self-help treatments, in conjunction with or in comparison to, therapist-delivered treatment and one study (3.0%) provided Internet delivered self-help psychological treatment, with minimal therapist involvement (weekly 15 min telephone calls) (Carlbring et al., 2012).”
From Predictors of outcomes of psychological treatments for disordered gambling: A systematic review (2016) · cites this paper as Carlbring et al., 2012
In the systematic review, income was examined as a predictor of long-term outcomes in one study (Carlbring et al., 2012), and the table reports 0% of significant results.
“| Income | Carlbring et al. (2012) | x | 1 | 0 % |”
From Predictors of outcomes of psychological treatments for disordered gambling: A systematic review (2016) · cites this paper as Carlbring et al. (2012)
In the systematic review, preferred gambling activity was examined as a predictor of long-term outcomes in one study (Carlbring et al., 2012), and the table reports 0% of significant results.
“| Preferred gambling activity | Carlbring et al. (2012) | x | 1 | 0 % |”
From Predictors of outcomes of psychological treatments for disordered gambling: A systematic review (2016) · cites this paper as Carlbring et al. (2012)
In the systematic review, alcohol use was examined as a predictor of long-term outcomes in one study (Carlbring et al., 2012), and the table reports 0% of significant results.
“| Alcohol use | Carlbring et al. (2012) | x | 1 | 0 % |”
From Predictors of outcomes of psychological treatments for disordered gambling: A systematic review (2016) · cites this paper as Carlbring et al. (2012)
In the systematic review, having debt was examined as a predictor of long-term outcomes in one study (Carlbring et al., 2012), and the table reports 100% of significant results.
“| Debt (having debt) | Carlbring et al. (2012) | + | 1 | 100% |”
From Predictors of outcomes of psychological treatments for disordered gambling: A systematic review (2016) · cites this paper as Carlbring et al. (2012)
In the systematic review, stage of change was examined as a predictor of long-term outcomes in one study (Carlbring et al., 2012), and the table reports 0% of significant results.
“| Stage of change | Carlbring et al. (2012) | x | 1 | 0 % |”
From Predictors of outcomes of psychological treatments for disordered gambling: A systematic review (2016) · cites this paper as Carlbring et al. (2012)
In the systematic review, social support was examined as a predictor of long-term outcomes in one study (Carlbring et al., 2012), and the table reports 0% of significant results.
“| Social support | Carlbring et al. (2012) | x | 1 | 0 % |”
From Predictors of outcomes of psychological treatments for disordered gambling: A systematic review (2016) · cites this paper as Carlbring et al. (2012)
In the systematic review, dissociative gambling was examined as a predictor of long-term outcomes in one study (Carlbring et al., 2012), and the table reports 0% of significant results.
“| Dissociative gambling | Carlbring et al. (2012) | x | 1 | 0 % |”
From Predictors of outcomes of psychological treatments for disordered gambling: A systematic review (2016) · cites this paper as Carlbring et al. (2012)
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- Authors
- Carlbring, P., Degerman, N., Jonsson, J., & Andersson, G.
- Affiliations
- Umeå University (SE)
- Linköping University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Carlbring, Per
- Venue
- Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2012-12
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 321-334
- ISSN
- 1650-6073 (ISSN-L)
- 1651-2316
- PMC
- PMC3516818
- OpenAlex
- W2077818262
- Cited by
- 78
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 5.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- gambling addiction, internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy, treatment response prediction, depression, sustained treatment effects, quality of life, anxiety, telephone-delivered therapy, help-seeking barriers
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Gambling, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Quality of Life, Risk Factors, Sweden, Therapy, Computer-Assisted, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Logistic Models, Internet
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