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Single-Neuron Responses in Humans during Execution and Observation of Actions
Open accessAbstract
Direct recordings in monkeys have demonstrated that neurons in frontal and parietal areas discharge during execution and perception of actions [1-8]. Because these discharges "reflect" the perceptual aspects of actions of others onto the motor repertoire of the perceiver, these cells have been called mirror neurons. Their overlapping sensory-motor representations have been implicated in observational learning and imitation, two important forms of learning [9]. In humans, indirect measures of neural activity support the existence of sensory-motor mirroring mechanisms in homolog frontal and parietal areas [10, 11], other motor regions [12-15], and also the existence of multisensory mirroring mechanisms in nonmotor regions [16-19]. We recorded extracellular activity from 1177 cells in human medial frontal and temporal cortices while patients executed or observed hand grasping actions and facial emotional expressions. A significant proportion of neurons in supplementary motor area, and hippocampus and environs, responded to both observation and execution of these actions. A subset of these neurons demonstrated excitation during action-execution and inhibition during action-observation. These findings suggest that multiple systems in humans may be endowed with neural mechanisms of mirroring for both the integration and differentiation of perceptual and motor aspects of actions performed by self and others.
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“Only one study purports to offer direct evidence - from single cell recording - of MNs in the human brain (Mukamel et al., 2010).”
From Mirror neurons: from origin to function (2014) · cites this paper as Mukamel et al., 2010
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“with rare exceptions (Mukamel et al., 2010), MN activity cannot be localized precisely within the human brain.”
From Mirror neurons: from origin to function (2014) · cites this paper as Mukamel et al., 2010
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“The SMA has been suggested as one potential generator of the PMP (Deecke, Kornhuber, Lang, Lang, & Schreiber, 1985) and also has been ascribed mirror neuron functions (Mukamel et al., 2010).”
From Interplay of self-other distinction and cognitive control mechanisms in a social automatic imitation task: An ERP study (2021) · cites this paper as Mukamel et al., 2010
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“The generator of the PMP has been suggested to be located in the SMA (Deecke et al., 1985), which has also been ascribed human mirror neuron functions (Mukamel et al., 2010).”
From Interplay of self-other distinction and cognitive control mechanisms in a social automatic imitation task: An ERP study (2021) · cites this paper as Mukamel et al., 2010
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Citations
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“Panels C and D (figure and caption are reprinted from Mukamel et al. (2010) with permission from Elsevier) show neural responses of two cells during all experimental conditions and tasks, which depicts an action observation/execution matching multiunit in left SMA for the two grips (precision and…”
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“activation of specific regions of the frontal and parietal lobes; the posterior inferior frontal lobe (premotor), the ventral precentral gyrus, supramarginal cortex and rostral inferior parietal lobe [6,11], but the distribution of mirror neurons is probably scattered.”
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Modulation of the Intracortical LFP during Action Execution and Observation
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ResultInfants’ Understanding of Object-Directed Action: An Interdisciplinary Synthesis
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“In line with this view, it has been shown that specific inhibitory mechanisms are required in order to avoid executing observed actions (Shepherd et al., 2009; Mukamel et al., 2010).”
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The Cambridge Handbook of Infant Development
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“Mirror neurons, first discovered in macaque monkeys by the Parma group in the late 1990’s (Gallese et al., 1996; Rizzolatti et al., 1996) and later in humans (Mukamel et al., 2010) are neurons that respond similarly to the execution of an action and to watching that same action performed.”
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ResultSocial cognitive neuroscience in the digital age
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“Logothetis et al.'s (2001) results and Mukamel et al. (2010)'s recordings of single-neuron responses with mirror properties in the supplementary motor area and in the hippocampus provide some reassurance for the notion that the mirror neuron system identified in humans and the macaque may be…”
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“The existence of mirror neurons in humans is now incontrovertible (Mukamel et al., 2010), and it is clear that they are not restricted to the premotor and inferior parietal cortex of the brain (Keysers and Gazzola, 2010).”
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“…described as a system comprising the inferior frontal gyrus (Kilner et al. 2009), inferior parietal cortex (Chong et al. 2008), dorsal PMC (Molenberghs et al. 2012), the supplemental motor area andmedial temporal lobe (Mukamel et al. 2010), and the superior parietal lobe (Iacoboni et al. 1999).”
BackgroundThe Development of Multisensory Attention Skills
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“The CNMF-E framework can be summarized by the following steps: (1) initialize the spatial and temporal components of all neurons without explicit estimation of the background, (2) approximate the background given the activity of all neurons, (3) update spatial and temporal components by subtracting background from the…”
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“…in humans, concluding that “these findings suggest the existence of multiple systems in the human brain endowed with neural mirroring mechanisms for flexible integration and differentiation of the perceptual and motor aspects of actions performed by self and others” (Mukamel et al. 2010, p. 755).”
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“human medial frontal and temporal cortices is also excited when executing actions and inhibited when observing actions.(32)”
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“In humans, the presence of cells with mirroring properties has been confirmed with intra-cranial recording (Mukamel et al., 2010).”
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Stereoscopically Observing Manipulative Actions
Ferri, S., Pauwels, K., Rizzolatti, G., & Orban, G. A. (2016) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhw133 · Cited by 24
“…videos portraying actions belonging to a well-defined and well-studied class: object manipulation (Binkofski et al. 1999; Iacoboni et al. 1999; Buccino et al. 2001; Culham et al. 2003; Gazzola et al. 2007; Grafton and Hamilton 2007; Jastorff et al. 2010; Mukamel et al. 2010; Gallivan et al. 2016).”
BackgroundMethodPerry, A., Stiso, J., Chang, E. F., Lin, J. J., Parvizi, J., & Knight, R. T. (2017) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhx013 · Cited by 25
“To our knowledge, there is one single-unit recording study which provided clear evidence for the existence of mirror neurons in humans (Mukamel et al. 2010).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMimicking and anticipating others’ actions is linked to Social Information Processing
Genschow, O., Klomfar, S., d’Haene, I., & Braß, M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0193743 · Cited by 28
Perception as a Route for Motor Skill Learning: Perspectives from Neuroscience
Ossmy, O., & Mukamel, R. (2018) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.04.016 · Cited by 24
“Nevertheless, one study with epileptic patients provides direct evidence for the existence of cells with mirroring properties in the supplementary motor area (SMA), and also limbic areas such as the Hippocampus, Para-Hippocampal Gyrus and Entorhinal Cortex (Mukamel et al., 2010).”
Self-citationBasavaraju, R., Mehta, U. M., Pascual‐Leone, Á., & Thirthalli, J. (2018) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12723 · Cited by 26
fMRI adaptation reveals: The human mirror neuron system discriminates emotional valence
Schmidt, S. N. L., Sojer, C. A., Haß, J., Kirsch, P., & Mier, D. U. (2020) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2020.03.026 · Cited by 23
Fogassi, L., & Ferrari, P. F. (2010) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.89 · Cited by 23
Candau, J., Gaucher, C., & Halloy, A. (2012) · Anthropologie et Sociétés · doi:10.7202/1014163ar · Cited by 25
The effect of interbrain synchronization in gesture observation: A fNIRS study
Fronda, G., & Balconi, M. (2020) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.1663 · Cited by 23
Dynamic Causal Modeling for fMRI With Wilson-Cowan-Based Neuronal Equations
Sadeghi, S., Mier, D. U., Gerchen, M. F., Schmidt, S. N. L., & Haß, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.593867 · Cited by 21
D'un miroir l'autre. Fonction posturale et neurones miroirs
Guillain, A., & Pry, R. (2012) · Bulletin de psychologie · doi:10.3917/bupsy.518.0115 · Cited by 33
Observation as a method to enhance collective efficacy: An integrative review
Bruton, A. M., Mellalieu, S. D., & Shearer, D. A. (2016) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.01.002 · Cited by 28
Fiave, P. A., Sharma, S., Jastorff, J., & Nelissen, K. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.05.043 · Cited by 21
“Since previous electrophysiology data from humans (Mukamel et al., 2010) and monkeys (Cisek and Kalaska, 2004; Yoshida et al.”
de Vega, M., Padrón, I., Moreno, I. Z., García‐Marco, E., Domínguez, A., Marrero, H., & Hernández, S. E. (2019) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2121 · Cited by 25
Fields, C. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00049 · Cited by 20
An Embodied Approach to Understanding: Making Sense of the World Through Simulated Bodily Activity
Soylu, F. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01914 · Cited by 22
“…work merging embodied theories from different orientations to provide a more unified theory of the embodied mind that encompasses different levels of explanation, such as linguistic, behavioral, neural, phenomenological (for example see Lutz and Thompson, 2003; Gallese and Lakoff, 2005).”
BackgroundA plea for cross-species social neuroscience
Keysers, C., & Gazzola, V. (2016) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2016_439 · Cited by 21
“This has guided single cell recordings in animals and humans towards similar brain regions, and there is now evidence from single cell recordings for the existence of mirror neurons in most of these regions (Cisek and Kalaska 2004; Hihara et al. 2015; Rozzi et al. 2008; Mukamel et al. 2010).”
BackgroundThe role of the body in social cognition
Uithol, S., & Gallese, V. (2015) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1357 · Cited by 24
Is Science Compatible with Free Will?
Suárez, A., & Adams, P. J. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5212-6 · Cited by 49
Turrini, S., Fiori, F., Bevacqua, N., Saracini, C., Lucero, B. A., Candidi, M., & Avenanti, A. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2404925121 · Cited by 21
Hill, A. T., Fitzgibbon, B. M., Arnold, S. L., Rinehart, N., Fitzgerald, P. B., & Enticott, P. G. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.04.027 · Cited by 23
Prior action execution has no effect on corticospinal facilitation during action observation
Loporto, M., McAllister, C. J., Edwards, M., Wright, D. J., & Holmes, P. S. (2012) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.03.009 · Cited by 20
Perspectives on the motivations for phonetic convergence
Coles‐Harris, E. H. (2017) · Language and Linguistics Compass · doi:10.1111/lnc3.12268 · Cited by 22
Cantarero, G. L., Galea, J. M., Ajagbe, L., Salas, R. M. E., Willis, J., & Celnik, P. A. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00051 · Cited by 21
Grasp-specific motor resonance is influenced by the visibility of the observed actor
Bunday, K. L., Lemon, R., Kilner, J. M., Davare, M., & Orban, G. A. (2016) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2016.09.002 · Cited by 20
Multimodal Music Perception Engages Motor Prediction: A TMS Study
Gordon, C. L., Iacoboni, M., & Balasubramaniam, R. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00736 · Cited by 21
“…movements (Dushanova & Donoghue 2010), in the lateral intraparieal area LIP for eye gaze (Shepherd et al. 2009), in the ventral intraparietal area VIP for touch (Ishida et al. 2010), and in human SMA and medial temporal cortex for grasping actions and facial expressions (Mukamel et al, 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationGianelli, C., Kühne, K., Presti, S. L., Mencaraglia, S., & Volta, R. D. (2020) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2019.105510 · Cited by 21
Empathy Modulates the Activity of the Sensorimotor Mirror Neuron System during Pain Observation
Bello, J. P., Privato, N., Modroño, C., Pérez-Martín, Y., Borges, Á., & González–Mora, J. L. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13110947 · Cited by 20
“Given that the SMA is an area where the presence of mirror neurons has been demonstrated [51], future studies should investigate the role of this region in modulating the sensorimotor MNS, not only in relation to the comprehension of motor actions but also in connection with the emotional component…”
BackgroundUtility of TMS to understand the neurobiology of speech
Murakami, T., Ugawa, Y., & Ziemann, U. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00446 · Cited by 23
Metadata
- Authors
- Mukamel, R., Ekstrom, A. D., Kaplan, J., Iacoboni, M., & Fried, I.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mukamel, Roy
- Venue
- Current Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-04
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 750-756
- ISSN
- 0960-9822 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2904852
- OpenAlex
- W2110997285
- Cited by
- 1,178
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 87 · 2019: 72 · 2018: 72 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 115 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 92 · 2013: 106 · 2012: 90
- FWCI
- 129.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS033221)
- National Center for Research Resources (P41RR013642, RR 13642, RR00865, M01RR000865, C06RR012169)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Free Will and Agency
- Keywords
- mirror neurons, action observation, action execution, supplementary motor area, hippocampus, medial frontal cortex, temporal cortex, hand grasping, emotional facial expressions, observational learning, imitation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cerebral Cortex, Electrophysiology, Emotions, Facial Expression, Hand, Humans, Imitative Behavior, Motor Activity, Neurons, Psychomotor Performance, Visual Perception
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