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Single-Neuron Responses in Humans during Execution and Observation of Actions
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Direct recordings in monkeys have demonstrated that neurons in frontal and parietal areas discharge during execution and perception of actions [1-8]. Because these discharges "reflect" the perceptual aspects of actions of others onto the motor repertoire of the perceiver, these cells have been called mirror neurons. Their overlapping sensory-motor representations have been implicated in observational learning and imitation, two important forms of learning [9]. In humans, indirect measures of neural activity support the existence of sensory-motor mirroring mechanisms in homolog frontal and parietal areas [10, 11], other motor regions [12-15], and also the existence of multisensory mirroring mechanisms in nonmotor regions [16-19]. We recorded extracellular activity from 1177 cells in human medial frontal and temporal cortices while patients executed or observed hand grasping actions and facial emotional expressions. A significant proportion of neurons in supplementary motor area, and hippocampus and environs, responded to both observation and execution of these actions. A subset of these neurons demonstrated excitation during action-execution and inhibition during action-observation. These findings suggest that multiple systems in humans may be endowed with neural mechanisms of mirroring for both the integration and differentiation of perceptual and motor aspects of actions performed by self and others.
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“Only one study purports to offer direct evidence - from single cell recording - of MNs in the human brain (Mukamel et al., 2010).”
From Mirror neurons: from origin to function (2014) · cites this paper as Mukamel et al., 2010
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“with rare exceptions (Mukamel et al., 2010), MN activity cannot be localized precisely within the human brain.”
From Mirror neurons: from origin to function (2014) · cites this paper as Mukamel et al., 2010
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“The SMA has been suggested as one potential generator of the PMP (Deecke, Kornhuber, Lang, Lang, & Schreiber, 1985) and also has been ascribed mirror neuron functions (Mukamel et al., 2010).”
From Interplay of self-other distinction and cognitive control mechanisms in a social automatic imitation task: An ERP study (2021) · cites this paper as Mukamel et al., 2010
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“The generator of the PMP has been suggested to be located in the SMA (Deecke et al., 1985), which has also been ascribed human mirror neuron functions (Mukamel et al., 2010).”
From Interplay of self-other distinction and cognitive control mechanisms in a social automatic imitation task: An ERP study (2021) · cites this paper as Mukamel et al., 2010
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Citations
Cites
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Using EEG Mu-suppression to Explore Group Biases in Motor Resonance
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Effect of Different Movement Speed Modes on Human Action Observation: An EEG Study
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“Action observation (AO) was considered one of the primary ways of inducing hMNS activations in early studies (Caspers et al., 2010; Mukamel et al., 2010; Rozzi and Fogassi, 2017).”
BackgroundNeuroscience, Embodiment, and Development
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Spontaneous Neural Encoding of Social Network PositionPreprint
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“A range of evidence illustrates that some neurons in the motor system alter their activity not only during the execution of an action, but also when observing the actions of others (di Pellegrino et al., 1992; Gallese et al., 1996; Kraskov et al., 2009, 2014; Mukamel et al., 2010).”
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“…immediate sensory processing, previous work has reported modulatory effects of movements on hippocampal and parahippocampal activity (Halgren, 1991; Mukamel et al., 2010; Rummell et al., 2016), suggesting that the differential processing of self- and externally-generated stimuli may also have…”
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“Owing to the invasiveness of the technique used to record neuron activity in vivo, direct evidence of doubleduty visuo-motor units in humans has only been reported in one study (Mukamel et al., 2010).”
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“More recently, studies using single-cell recordings of presurgical epilepsy patients, whose brain cells were already being recorded to determine surgical parameters, claim to have found mirror neuron activity in the medial frontal cortex and the medial temporal cortex (an area of the brain associated with memory) (Muk…”
BackgroundChallenges for the understanding of the dynamics of social coordination
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The interactive effect of empathy and motor cortex stimulation on hand gesture comprehension
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“Mechanistically, the underlying processes probably reflect the engagement of basic mechanisms underlying mirroring (Carr et al., 2003; Mukamel et al., 2010) and rapid extraction of stimulus value (Murphy and Zajonc, 1993; Winkielman et al., 2005).”
BackgroundI don't get you. Action observation effects inverted by kinematic variation
Perilli, F. G., & Ellis, R. (2015) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.02.010 · Cited by 17
Displaying and Regulating Different Social Response Patterns: A Computational Agent Model
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“More specifically, this has been shown in work reported in [25, 57] (see also [46– 49]).”
ResultA Cognitive Agent Model Incorporating Prior and Retrospective Ownership States for Actions
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BackgroundThe neural ingredients for a language of thought are available
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A Dual-Process Approach to Understanding Human-Robot Interaction
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“…et al., 1992), the primary motor cortex (M1), and parietal cortex (Gallese, Fogassi, Fadiga, & Rizzolatti, 2002), whereas, in the human brain, MNs have been directly observed via single cell recordings to be highly distributed in the medial frontal and temporal cortices (Mukamel, et al., 2010).”
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Face-to-face diplomacy social neuroscience and international relations
Holmes, M. (2019) · Cited by 18
Is the human mirror neuron system plastic? Evidence from a transcranial magnetic stimulation study
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“Direct cell-recordings (Mukamel et al., 2010) and indirect techniques like functional neuroimaging (Iacoboni et al.”
MethodJan Treur, A. (2011) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-25044-6_33 · Cited by 18
“[15, 34]), and after that it has been assumed that similar types of neurons also occur in humans, with empirical support, for example, in [25] based on fMRI, and [14, 30] based on single cell experiments with epilepsy patients (see also [23, 24, 27]).”
BackgroundIs Automatic Imitation Based on Goal Coding or Movement Coding?
Chiavarino, C., Bugiani, S., Grandi, E., & Colle, L. (2013) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1027/1618-3169/a000190 · Cited by 17
Skin color has no impact on motor resonance: Evidence from mu rhythm suppression and imitation
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How language evolved from manual gestures
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Dysfunction of the Human Mirror Neuron System in Ideomotor Apraxia: Evidence from Mu Suppression
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I'll cry instead: Mu suppression responses to tearful facial expressions
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“This obviously implies that MNS accounts for both low-level representations and high-level, non-sensorimotor, abstract processes (Caramazza et al., 2014; Mukamel et al., 2010).”
BackgroundThe Action Cycle Theory of Perception and Mental Imagery
Marks, D. F. (2023) · Vision · doi:10.3390/vision7010012 · Cited by 26
“Then, a similar human mirror neuron system was found containing cortical neurons that respond to observation of other individual’s actions [76] and one’s own physical movements [77].”
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“Cerebral neuro-imaging shows analogous responses in humans (e.g., Shmuelof and Zohary, 2008), in parietal, frontal motor, and prefrontal cortices (Mukamel et al., 2010), as well as medial temporal cortex.”
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“Cerebral neuroimaging shows analogous responses in humans (e.g., [218]), in prefrontal, motor, and parietal cortices, as well as [219] medial temporal cortex.”
BackgroundConceptualizing how group singing may enhance quality of life with Parkinson’s disease
Buetow, S., Talmage, A., McCann, C., Fogg, L., & Purdy, S. C. (2013) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638288.2013.793749 · Cited by 17
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“Although the presence of single mirror neurons has already been demonstrated in humans (Mukamel et al., 2010), it is more appropriate to talk about the fronto-parietal mirror neuron system (MNS), which is considered as being an action recognition network and, as occurs with mirror neurons, it is activated when an acti…”
Dynamics of Social Interaction: Kinematic Analysis of a Joint Action
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“Initially discovered in non-human primates (di Pellegrino et al., 1992) and in humans (Buccino et al., 2001; Rizzolatti and Craighero, 2004; Mukamel et al., 2010), MN are visuo-motor neurons located in the premotor cortex and the inferior parietal lobule, automatically firing during the execution…”
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“…network through putative systems such as the “mirror neuron system,” or an “action observation network” (AON) overlaps with the recruitment of the motor network in actual performance (Hari et al. 1998; Buccino et al. 2001; Calvo-Merino et al. 2006; Gazzola and Keysers 2009; Mukamel et al. 2010).”
BackgroundFunctional Lateralization of the Mirror Neuron System in Monkey and Humans
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“[55], in which the authors reported single neurons of supplementary motor cortex and hippocampus discharging during action observation and execution.”
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Origins and development of mirroring mechanisms: A neuroconstructivist framework
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“Human participants viewed point-light displays of human actors, where the actor was facing and moving either to the right or to the left, while participants’ neuromagnetic activity was recorded using magnetoencephalography (MEG).”
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“At the neurobiological level, visual feedback can activate a network of cortical regions, including the upper and lower parietal cortex, ventral premotor cortex, primary motor cortex, dorsal premotor cortex, lower frontal gyrus, and auxiliary motor regions [46].”
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Genschow, O., Cracco, E., Verbeke, P., Westfal, M., & Crusius, J. (2021) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104824 · Cited by 13
From Mirroring to the Emergence of Shared Understanding and Collective Power
Jan Treur, A. (2011) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-23935-9_1 · Cited by 15
“[21], [43]; see also [34], pp.”
Mirror neuron deficit in schizophrenia: Evidence from repetition suppression
Möhring, N., Shen, C., Hahn, E. W., Ta, T. M. T., Dettling, M., & Neuhaus, A. H. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.07.035 · Cited by 15
Modulation of Gestural-verbal Semantic Integration by tDCS
Cohen-Maximov, T., Avirame, K., Flöel, A., & Michal Lavidor, B. (2014) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2014.12.001 · Cited by 15
Monkeys Monitor Human Goals in a Nonmatch-to-Goal Interactive Task
Falcone, R., Brunamonti, E., Ferraina, S., & Genovesio, A. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032209 · Cited by 15
The neurological basis of empathy and mimicry
Schuler, M., Mohnke, S., & Walter, H. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107587595.010 · Cited by 15
An Emotion-Enriched Context Influences the Effect of Action Observation on Cortical Excitability
Lagravinese, G., Bisio, A., Ferrari, A. R. D., Pelosin, E., Ruggeri, P., Bove, M., & Avanzino, L. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00504 · Cited by 15
“Several studies suggested that humans have a “mirror matching system” (namely the mirror neuron system, MNS) similar to that originally discovered in monkeys (Fadiga et al., 1995; Cochin et al., 1998; Gazzola and Keysers, 2009; Kilner et al., 2009; Mukamel et al., 2010).”
ResultBähr, F., Ritter, A., Seidel, G., Puta, C., Gabriel, H. H. W., & Hamzei, F. (2018) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2018/8369262 · Cited by 16
van der Weiden, A., Aarts, H., Prikken, M., & van Haren, N. E. M. (2015) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-015-4475-6 · Cited by 15
“This ability has been linked to the so-called mirror neuron network, which is dedicated to understanding and anticipating own as well as others’ actions and emotions (Cattaneo and Rizzolatti 2009; Gallese and Goldman 1998; Goldman 1989, 2009; Kilner et al. 2007; Meyer et al. 2011; Mukamel et al. 2010; Ocampo and Kriti…”
BackgroundInfluentialFuelscher, I., Caeyenberghs, K., Enticott, P. G., Kirkovski, M., Farquharson, S., Lum, J., & Hyde, C. (2019) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14370 · Cited by 13
“Broadly, these results are compatible with recordings from single neurons in neurosurgical patients (Mukamel et al., 2010), suggesting that neurons with mirror properties may exist outside classical mirror neuron regions (see also Keysers & Gazzola, 2010).”
ResultZschorlich, V. R., Behrendt, F., & de Lussanet, M. H. E. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11020187 · Cited by 16
“This was carried out in the premotor cortices in non-human primates [7] and, more recently, even in the human brain [8].”
BackgroundMind your step: social cerebellum in interactive navigation
Li, M., Pu, M., Baetens, K., Baeken, C., Deroost, N., Heleven, E., & Overwalle, F. V. (2022) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsac047 · Cited by 16
“…to non-social trajectories, paralleled by strong activation in cortical key regions of the mentalizing network (e.g. TPJ) and of the action observation network (e.g. pSTS, aIPS and PMC) as well as in the related SMA (Mukamel et al., 2010; Acharya and Shukla, 2012; Aridan and Mukamel, 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialCoBeL-RL: A neuroscience-oriented simulation framework for complex behavior and learning
Diekmann, N., Vijayabaskaran, S., Zeng, X., Kappel, D., Menezes, M. C., & Cheng, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroinformatics · doi:10.3389/fninf.2023.1134405 · Cited by 15
“However, the effect of another agent’s presence on behavior (Boesch and Tomasello, 1998; Kruützen et al., 2005) and neural activity (Rizzolatti and Craighero, 2004; Mukamel et al., 2010) has also been of great interest.”
BackgroundAway from the herd: loneliness as a dysfunction of social alignment
Shamay‐Tsoory, S., & Kanterman, A. (2024) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsae005 · Cited by 15
“…human studies investigating the observation-execution system are limited in their ability to demonstrate mirroring properties of specific neurons (Mukamel et al ., 2010), studies use the term action-observation/observation-execution system, to denote the system of regions exhibiting similar…”
BackgroundSimultaneous action execution and observation optimise grasping actions
Ménoret, M., Curie, A., Portes, V. D., Nazir, T. A., & Paulignan, Y. (2013) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-013-3523-3 · Cited by 14
A computational agent model incorporating prior and retrospective ownership states for actions
Jan Treur, A. (2012) · Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures · doi:10.1016/j.bica.2012.06.001 · Cited by 14
“Interestingly, in recent human single cell recording experiments, specific neurons have been found with activation patterns that have some correlation to execution of an action, in particular, in work reported in (Mukamel et al., 2010; Fried, Mukamel, Kreiman, 2011); see also (Keysers and Gazzola, 2010; Iacoboni, 2008…”
MethodMirror Neurons, Psychoanalysis, and the Age of Empathy
Alford, C. F. (2014) · International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies · doi:10.1002/aps.1411 · Cited by 14
The Effects of Instruction Manipulation on Motor Performance Following Action Observation
Frenkel‐Toledo, S., Einat, M., & Kozol, Z. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00033 · Cited by 14
Psychopedagogical Predecessors of Connectivism as a New Paradigm of Learning
Sánchez-Cabrero, R., & Román, Ó. C. (2018) · International Journal of Educational Excellence · doi:10.18562/ijee.037 · Cited by 14
Ellis, R. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781107446809 · Cited by 17
Social affordances: Is the mirror neuron system involved?
Dezecache, G., Conty, L., & Grèzes, J. (2013) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x12001872 · Cited by 14
Systematic Influence of Perceived Grasp Shape on Speech Production
Vainio, L., Rantala, A., Tiainen, M., Tiippana, K. M., Komeilipoor, N., & Vainio, M. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170221 · Cited by 14
Effect of visual orientation on mu suppression in children: a comparative EEG study with adults
Nishimura, Y., Ikeda, Y., Suematsu, A., & Higuchi, S. (2018) · Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY · doi:10.1186/s40101-018-0175-9 · Cited by 14
Infant Emotion Development and Temperament
Aktar, E., & Pérez‐Edgar, K. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108351959.026 · Cited by 17
Domańska, E. (2015) · Teksty Drugie · doi:10.18318/td.2015.en.1.12 · Cited by 14
Mirroring versus simulation: on the representational function of simulation
Herschbach, M. (2011) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-011-9969-6 · Cited by 14
“Although evidence about single neurons is only just emerging (Mukamel et al. 2010), larger regions of the human motor system have also been found to be active during both action execution and action observation, suggesting humans possess a motor mirroring system (Rizzolatti and Craighero 2004;…”
BackgroundPositive Relationships at Work
Langley, S. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2147-0_10 · Cited by 16
Grasping actions and social interaction: neural bases and anatomical circuitry in the monkey
Rozzi, S., & Coudé, G. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00973 · Cited by 14
Sensory Processing and Motor Issues in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Hilton, C. L., & Ratcliff, K. (2022) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-88538-0_4 · Cited by 19
Task-related modulation of motor response to emotional bodies: A TMS motor-evoked potential study
Borgomaneri, S., Vitale, F., Battaglia, S., de Vega, M., & Avenanti, A. (2023) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2023.10.013 · Cited by 15
“…motor resonance does not necessarily imply excitatory processes (Avenanti, Minio-Paluello, Bufalari, & Aglioti, 2009; Bonini, Maranesi, Livi, Fogassi, & Rizzolatti, 2014; Kraskov, Dancause, Quallo, Shepherd, & Lemon, 2009; Mukamel, Ekstrom, Kaplan, Iacoboni, & Fried, 2010; Vicario et al., 2017).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Mukamel, R., Ekstrom, A. D., Kaplan, J., Iacoboni, M., & Fried, I.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mukamel, Roy
- Venue
- Current Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-04
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 750-756
- ISSN
- 0960-9822 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2904852
- OpenAlex
- W2110997285
- Cited by
- 1,178
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 87 · 2019: 72 · 2018: 72 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 115 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 92 · 2013: 106 · 2012: 90
- FWCI
- 129.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS033221)
- National Center for Research Resources (P41RR013642, RR 13642, RR00865, M01RR000865, C06RR012169)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Free Will and Agency
- Keywords
- mirror neurons, action observation, action execution, supplementary motor area, hippocampus, medial frontal cortex, temporal cortex, hand grasping, emotional facial expressions, observational learning, imitation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cerebral Cortex, Electrophysiology, Emotions, Facial Expression, Hand, Humans, Imitative Behavior, Motor Activity, Neurons, Psychomotor Performance, Visual Perception
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